Chemistry of Cells

The Chemical Context of Life : 

The Chemical Context of Life KEY CONCEPTS: 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds. 2.2 An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms 2.3 The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms 2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds. Image by Riedell

Video 1 : 

Video 1 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 1 Atomic Structure 2A

Atoms are the ________________: : 

Atoms are the ________________: ______________ ______________ are found ______________ ______________ ___________________ in ____________________ PROTONS (+) NEUTRONS ELECTRONS (-) Animation from: http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif basic unit of MATTER in NUCLEUS orbit outside nucleus energy levels

Atoms differ in __________ of _______, ________,& _______ : 

Atoms differ in __________ of _______, ________,& _______ Image from: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2004/lect02.htm NUMBERS PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRONS

Slide 5: 

Atoms that have _________________ have an_____________ andare called__________ They are writtenwith a + or –next to theirsymbol IONS Na + Cl - gained or lost electrons electric charge

Atoms/ions important for living things : 

Atoms/ions important for living things Carbon - C ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ Used to make bigger molecules Ions = electrically charged atoms ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ Oxygen - O Hydrogen - H Nitrogen - N Sulfur - S Sodium – Na+ Chloride – Cl- Potassium – K+ Calcium – Ca++ Phosphorus - P

ATOMS CAN ______TOGETHER TO _____________________ : 

ATOMS CAN ______TOGETHER TO _____________________ Ex: Joining 2 HYDROGENatoms with 1 OXYGEN atom makes one ______ molecule. WATER http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.html A _______________ tells _________ of and __________ atoms are in a molecule EX: ________ H2O MAKE MOLECULES JOIN chemical formula what kind how many

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VERY, VERY LARGE MOLECULES = ____________________ MACROMOLECULES EXAMPLE: Insulin = C254 H377 N65 O76 S6 Image from: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/tutorials/chemistry/page2.html

Slide 9: 

MOLECULES CAN BE SHOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS H2O Water molecule: http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.html Other Images by: Riedell

Polar Molecules : 

Polar Molecules Because of the location of electrons in molecules, some molecules have an _________ pattern of ____________________ More ___ on one side; More ___ on the other EX: water Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html UNEVEN More about this in Chapter 7 + - electric charge

The same molecule can have bothPOLAR and NON-POLARparts : 

The same molecule can have bothPOLAR and NON-POLARparts Image by Riedell EX: PHOSPHOLIPIDS More about this in Chapter 7 Polar head NON-polartails

WHAT HOLDS MOLECULES TOGETHER? : 

WHAT HOLDS MOLECULES TOGETHER? Molecules are _____________by the ________ between ______________ regions of nearby molecules = _____________________ van der Waals forces http://www.examstutor.com/chemistry/resources/studyroom/bonding/intermolecular_forces/2_van_de_waals_forces.php held together attraction oppositely charged

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Bonds that form between the_________ charged _____________ in one molecule and a __________ charged _________ in a nearby molecule are called _____________________ positively HYDROGEN BONDS Images from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html HYDROGEN atom negatively atom HYDROGEN BONDS EX: water molecules are held together by Hydrogen bonds

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It can form ______ or _____ so it can make lots of different kinds of molecules. _________ is the most important atom found in living things It can join to _______ other atoms at same time CARBON four Images from: http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/chemhydrocarbon.htm rings chains

__________ moleculesare found __________ and _____________ atoms : 

__________ moleculesare found __________ and _____________ atoms ORGANIC in living things contain CARBON

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____________________ means “water loving” _________ groups/molecules try to _________ and touch water or ______________ molecules HYDROPHILIC “Like dissolves like” http://www.makash.ac.il/h_school/hst/hstsb/chem/luach/dissolve.jpg Water makes a great solvent in living things because so many molecules found in living things are polar or have a charge. be near other polar POLAR

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_________________ means “water fearing” ___________ groups/molecules try to _________ other __________ molecules and __________ ________ molecules HYDROPHOBIC “Like dissolves like” polar Oil based paints dissolve in solvents such as turpentine . . . not water. be near NON-polar NON-polar away from http://egullet.com/imgs/egci/nonstocksauce/nons1.JPG

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“Like dissolves like” ______ works because it has a _____________ that dissolves _______ and a __________ that dissolves in _____ to wash away oily dirt. http://mchi.mcallenisd.org/mchi/site/hosting/ipc/ipc/ipcch23htm/ipcch23sec2.htm SOAP NON-polar end Polar end grease water

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A chemical equation tells what happens in a chemical reaction when molecules interact. NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H20 _______________ ________________ Molecules that react Molecules that are produced REACTANTS Image by RIedell PRODUCTS →

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______________ is a kind of chemical reaction in which _________ molecules are _________ together to make a ________ molecule. 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H20 SYNTHESIS 2 water molecules Hydrogen molecule oxygen molecule smaller joined bigger

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_________________ is a ________________ reaction in whichmany _____________ thatare ________ join to make a bigger molecule These small units arecalled ______________ The big molecule theymake is called a _____________ POLYMER Image by RIedell MONOMERS POLYMERIZATION small subunits similar kind of synthesis

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EX: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg Human epidermal growth factor AMINO ACID Image by RIEDELL PROTEIN _________ join together ___________ subunits to make a POLYMER

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Chemical reactions don’t just join molecules together. ______________ = kind of chemical reaction in which a molecule is __________. “_____” = water “_____” = break apart Human epidermal growth factor image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg HYDROLYSIS broken apart hydro lysis

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HYDROLYSIS ______ molecules by _______ a ________ molecule to ______ a _________. splits adding WATER AT break bond http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/images/Hydrolysis.jpg

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Living things _______ of these kinds of _______ (and MORE) to get the _______they need. http://www.animationlibrary.com http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif use BOTH reactions materials

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WATER is important for all living things Image from: http://sjr.state.fl.us/programs/outreach/pubs/irl_update/images/water_glass.jpg Average person ~~ 60-70% water Babies ~~ 78% Human brain ~~ 90%

WHY Water is important to cells: : 

WHY Water is important to cells: 1. It’s __________ so it can ____________ lots of different substances. 2. It can _________ lots of ______ _______________________________ very much. (That helps with _________________) 3. ____________________ form between water molecules so they stick together. 4.Water is an important ___________________ in many CHEMICAL REACTIONS. POLAR DISSOLVE HOMEOSTASIS HYDROGEN BONDS REACTANT/PRODUCT absorb HEAT WITHOUT changing temperature

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS : 

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things

Slide 29: 

Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things. 9-12.L.1.1A. Students are able to explain the physical and chemical processes of photosynthesis and cell respiration and their importance to plant and animal life. (INTRO TO BE ABLE TO DO THIS LATER) 9-12.L.1.2A. Describe how living systems use biofeedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. (SYNTHESIS) 9-12.L.1.4A. Identify factors that change the rates of enzyme catalyzed reactions. (APPLICATION) SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE

Core High School Life SciencePerformance Descriptors : 

Core High School Life SciencePerformance Descriptors