Islam Expands

ISLAM EXPANDS : 

ISLAM EXPANDS

Muhammad’s Successor : 

Muhammad’s Successor Muhammad did not name a successor or tell his followers how to choose one Rely on ancient tribal custom and elect Abu-Bakr, a loyal friend of Muhammad Abu-Bakr becomes the first caliph – successor or deputy

Rightly Guided Caliphs : 

Rightly Guided Caliphs First four caliphs Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali All had known Muhammad Used the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions as guides to leadership Caliphate – rule of the caliphs

Territory : 

Territory Abu-Bakr Control of Arabia Uses jihad to encourage and justify the expansion of Islam Jihad – striving; can refer to the inner struggle against evil Qur’an – an armed struggle against unbelievers Umar Syria and Lower Egypt 750 – Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River

Internal Conflict : 

Internal Conflict 656 – Uthman was murdered Civil War breaks out Ali – Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law Last of the “Rightly Guided Caliphs” Right to rule was challenged by governor of Syria 661 – Ali assassinated Umayyad family comes to power

Umayyads Caliphate : 

Umayyads Caliphate Move Muslim capital to Damascus Easier to control conquered territory from Damascus Arab Muslims felt it was too far from their lands Abandon simple life and surround themselves with wealth

Sunni – Shi’a Split : 

Sunni – Shi’a Split Majority of Muslims accepted Umayyad rule Minority resisted Umayyad rule Shi’a – believed the caliph needed to be a descendant of the Prophet Means the “party” of Ali Members of this group are called Shi’ites Sufi – rejected the luxurious life of the Umayyads Pursued a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path Sunni – did not resist Umayyad rule Means followers of Muhammad’s example

Differences between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims : 

Differences between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims Sunni Did not outwardly resist the rule of the Umayyads Believe that the first four caliphs were “rightly guided” Believe Muslims rulers should follow the Sunna, or Muhammad’s examples Shi’a Resisted the rule of the Umayyads Believe that Ali, the Prophet’s son-in-law, should have succeeded Muhammad Believe that all Muslim rulers should be descended from Muhammad

Abbasid Caliphate : 

Abbasid Caliphate Religious and political opposition to the Umayyad caliphate led to its downfall 750 – Abbasids took control of the Empire Move capital to Baghdad Access to key trade routes

Bureaucracy : 

Bureaucracy System of government Treasury – keeps track of money Department to manage the army Diplomats sent to conduct imperial business To fund the bureaucracy – tax land, imports and exports, and non-Muslims’ wealth

Fatmid Caliphate : 

Fatmid Caliphate Abbasids failed to keep complete political control of their large territory Independent Muslim states sprang up and local leaders dominated smaller regions Fatmid caliphate was formed by Shi’a Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima Began in North Africa and spread

Trade : 

Trade Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean Silk Roads of China and India with Europe and Africa Abbasid dinar – currency Sakk – letter of credit offered by the banks for merchants Checks