Application of Satellite Technology in

Application of satellite technology in Somalia : 

Application of satellite technology in Somalia final presentation

Project members : 

Project members

What exactly is a satellite? : 

What exactly is a satellite? The word satellite originated from the Latin word “Satellit”- meaning an attendant, one who is constantly hovering around & attending to a “master” or big man. For our own purposes however a satellite is simply any body that moves around another (usually much larger) one in a mathematically predictable path called an orbit. A communication satellite is a microwave repeater station in space that is used for tale communication , radio and television signals. The first man made satellite with radio transmitter was in 1957. There are about 750 satellite in the space, most of them are used for communication.

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* Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio broadcast but are too far away to use conventional means.The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for their communication.* One Earth Station transmits the signals to the satellite. Up link frequency is the frequency at which Ground Station is communicating with Satellite. * The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it down to the second earth station. This frequency is called a Downlink.

Satellite - satellite communication : 

Satellite - satellite communication It is also possible for satellites to communicate with other satellites Communication can be by microwave or by optical laser

Types of satellites : 

Types of satellites Communication Satellite Scientific Satellites Research Satellites Observation Satellites Weather Satellites Navigation Satellites Radio Satellites

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Communication Satellite It includes television, phones (cellular as well as others), the Internet, beepers, etc. Communications Satellites have been around since 1958 One of the best known uses of communications satellites is for the transmission of video, television. Scientific / research Satellites Certain satellites are important for scientific research. These satellites gather data for scientific analysis. This includes observations of the atmosphere of our planet, the stars, the sun and other parts of space.

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Observation Satellites Observation satellites help to observe many features of the earth's surface Scientists use earth observation satellites to locate mineral deposits, to determine the location and size of freshwater supplies and to detect the spread of disease in crops and forests Satellites are also use is in the field of surveillance or spy. Weather Satellites Weather satellites are one of the most important instrumentation used to predict the weather. Weather satellites photograph the earth regularly in visible and infrared light, and they provide data to weather stations on earth, thus enabling the forecasting of weather conditions around the world

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Navigation Satellites Navigation satellites allow the operators of land vehicles, ships, and aircraft to determine their locations within 100 feet any where on earth. These vehicles all have on board a computerized receiver which can pick up radio signals from satellites miles in space Radio Satellites Radio transmissions are also conducted through satellite facilities. Amateur radio operators or "hams" have built several Orbital Satellites Caring Amateur Radios (OSCARS) that take advantage of leftover payload space on other missions to get a free ride into orbit.

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Demo of satellite coverage

Launching of a Satellite : 

Launching of a Satellite The launching of a satellite varies in two ways. The first way of launching a satellite is to carry it into space on a space shuttle. Then when the satellite is raised to the required height it is given a thrust into orbit. There is another way of launching a satellite into space, this method of launching is done with a rocket. A satellite is put into a rocket and launched into space. "The method of launching is to raise the projectile to the required height and then iv it a side ways thrust which will throw it into the right orbit

First countries to launch a satellite : 

First countries to launch a satellite

The Ways Satellites Are Controlled : 

The Ways Satellites Are Controlled Most satellites operate under the direction of a control center that is located on the earth. Computers and human operators at the control center monitor the satellite's position, send instructions to its computers and retrieve information that the satellite has gathered. A satellite can not always receive constant direction from the control center. So it has to be able to act like an orbiting robot. It also has to be able to control its solar panels to them keep them pointed toward the sun and keep its antennas ready to receive commands

Major components of satellites : 

Major components of satellites These parts include (1) radios to talk to people on earth; (2) rockets to move the satellite in space; (3) batteries to supply energy; And (4) computers to control the satellite. Some satellites also have cameras to take pictures from space.

Parts of a satellite : 

Parts of a satellite

Parts of a satellite continue... : 

Parts of a satellite continue... Antennas and transceivers send and receive radio signals to and from the Earth or another satellite; Rocket motors move the satellite in space; Fuel tanks store the fuel for the rocket; Solar panels use solar cells to turn the sun's energy into electricity; Batteries store the electricity generated by the solar panels; and. On-board processors provide the “brain” of the satellite and tell the satellite to do what humans want it to do.

Satellite sub systems : 

Satellite sub systems In order for a satellite to work effectively, several different subsystems must work together A propulsion system is used to move the satellite in space. The propulsion system consists of a large rocket motor that is used to move the satellite into the desired location, as well as smaller thruster rockets that keep the satellite at that location. These motors are powered by electric or chemical fuel. Thrusters are needed because various natural forces cause satellites in orbit to drift out of position. These forces include the pressure of the solar wind, the effects of the Earth's and moon's gravity, and variations in the Earth's magnetic field.

Satellite sub systems : 

Satellite sub systems An attitude control system keeps the satellite pointed towards the desired location on the Earth. If a satellite is not pointed in the right direction, or moves out of position, communications will be interrupted. Because a satellite is weightless in space, it is very susceptible to external forces of the Sun and Earth that will cause the satellite to move. The power system generates electricity from solar cells placed on panels outside of the satellite. On “spinner” satellites, the solar cells cover the outside of the satellite. The solar cells convert solar energy to electricity that is then stored in batteries inside the satellite and is used to power the electronics on board the satellite.

Satellite Subsystems : 

Satellite Subsystems The communications system consists of antennas used to transmit and receive radio signals to and from the Earth, as well as electronic devices to strengthen or “amplify” these signals. These electronic devices are called “transponders.” They are called transponders because, in addition to amplifying radio signals, they also change the frequency of the radio signal. A thermal control system is necessary to keep the electronics on board the satellite cool enough to work properly. Without thermal control, electronics would overheat and cease to work. The thermal control system releases unnecessary heat into space, so that it will not interfere with satellite operations.

Satellite subsystems…. : 

Satellite subsystems…. A telemetry and command system consists of antennas and computers on board that satellite that allow people on the Earth to tell the station what to do and to monitor the health of the satellite. A satellite sends information about its operations, called “telemetry”, back to the Earth. Based on this information, operators send commands to the satellite.

Construction of Satellites : 

Construction of Satellites There are several factors that bring about the construction of a satellite. The structure, The design, and cost are important characteristics of a satellite. 1. Structure: The structure is important in the construction of a satellite. The structure must be 15-25 per cent of the total spacecraft weight which is considered light.

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Design: Satellites are usually made to meet the mission requirements of specific application. Their design is primarily influenced by the combination of the performance and characteristics of the launch vehicle, the characteristics of the useful equipment or payload, and the geometry of the selected orbit. Cost: The cost of a satellite shows the value and expense in the construction of a satellite. the average overall costs for launching, developing, maintaining, and operating a single application satellite in orbit over a period of 5-10 years usually exceeds 10 million a year, and often reaches several times this figure

How Satellite Benefits Society : 

How Satellite Benefits Society Satellites are used almost everyday by everyone. Even though you can't see it, there will probably be one traveling above you today. Satellites are used for many things such as communication, oceanography, astronomy, surveillance, and a variety of other things as well. They help many scientists get a perceptive view at all kinds of objects anywhere in the world.

History of satellite technology in Somalia : 

History of satellite technology in Somalia Prior to 1991, when the country was under the dictatorship rule, telecommunication service has never been commonly available. Due to many reasons , the telecommunication sector was not fully utilized. So let us take a look at the reasons behind the failure and success of telecommunication sector before and post-dictatorship era

Somali during the dictatorship rule : 

Somali during the dictatorship rule After the independence, Somalia has not been able to develop the telecommunication industry due to the following reasons:   It was not a priority Issue. It was dominated by a State owned monopoly in basic network and services. The Ministry of Post and Telecom was the sole provider and self-regulator of telecom services. Somalia's telecommunications system was rudimentary.

Somalia after the dictatorship rule : 

Somalia after the dictatorship rule Following the collapse of the dictatorship rule back in 1991, a number of privately owned companies have came into being The telecommunication market has become free, open and competitive . The telecommunication sector became more profitable and there fore the big business men of the country started to invest heavily in this sector.

Telecommunication Privatization Benefits : 

Telecommunication Privatization Benefits Privatization in Somalia increased the scope of telephone coverage Competitive environment expanded the services, efficiency, and lowers prices. Competition brought technological advancement. Telecommunication sector in Somalia opens up a whole new range of economic possibilities.

New features and services offered by private companies : 

New features and services offered by private companies Expanded Coverage Areas. Deployment of new technologies (Microwave, Fiber Optic and new digital networks) New Services Mobile, Internet and Value added services (Thuraya). Creation of Somali Telecom Association( an association that brings together all telecommunication companies in the country )  Roaming between different operators is also being achieved.

Satellite based telecommunication companies : 

Satellite based telecommunication companies Tele-communication companies in Somalia have started to install satellite-based telecommunications links back in 1992. There three big companies operating in the country:- Telecom Somalia Hormud telecom NationLink telecom

Telecom Somalia : 

Telecom Somalia Telecom Somalia Ltd., co-owned by US-based Starlight Communications, has installed an earth station gateway linked to Norway in Mogadishu Telecom is the largest and the leading telecommunications network operator in Somalia. Telecom is the first major privately owned company providing telecommunications in Somalia territory. It was established in late 1992. Telecom principal activities include local, long distance, national and international telecommunication, mobile communications, and a wide range of data services including broadband access.

NationLink : 

NationLink NationLink Telecom is a mobile phone operator in Somalia which was formed in September 1997. The company provides telecommunication services throughout the country and is one of its leading service providers. The company's focus is in the core areas of mobile, fixed lines, Internet and satellite mobile services. The aim of NationLink Telecom is to provide telecommunication services to all Somalis and so help improve people’s lives.

Hormud telecom : 

Hormud telecom Hormuud Telecom Inc. [HorTel] is the leading telecommunication services provider in the southern Somalia. Hormuud Telecom Inc. owns and operates a telecommunication network covering the entire territories of the southern Somalia; it provides national and international telephone services. HorTel is a privately owned company that was established in April 2002, in Somali capital, Mogadishu. The company provides advanced telecommunications to all regions in the southern Somalia.

the facilities that telecommunication companies offer : 

the facilities that telecommunication companies offer Somalia has some of the best telecommunication in Africa, with a handful of companies ready to wire home or office and provide crystal-clear service, including international long distance, for a low rate . Installation time for a land-line is just three days, while in the neighboring Kenya waiting lists are many months long. In other African countries public monopolies and licensing restrictions raise prices and hamper the spread of telecommunications

Why these companies came into being? : 

Why these companies came into being? First there was a great need by the people both inside and outside the country to have some sort of communication Many Somalis live abroad and they wanted to communicate with their families inside the country on daily basis So many business centers were introduced and therefore some sort of communication was necessary to increase their business activities. Some people who are working in Europe or America wanted to send money to their relatives back home and communication has facilitated this service

How satellite technology is used in Somalia in comparison to developed world : 

How satellite technology is used in Somalia in comparison to developed world In Somalia , satellite technology is applied only in telecommunication sector . however, in developed world, satellite technology are used for many purposes including :- Military purpose many countries are willing to rely on satellite communications for both battlefield communications as well as providing a communication infrastructure during deployments in remote or hostile locations. Commerce Communication Surveillance For scientific research And in medicine

Results : 

Results In Somalia what is needed is to use it this technology in every field for the benefits of both the society and government. Compressing time Work can be done faster Execute many tasks same time Decision maker can get information at right time Overcoming geographical location Geographically dispersed organizations function as they were at a single location. Large geographical area could be served without significantly increase staffing cost from single logical office. New markets can be explored and served Restructuring business relations Better management of customer relationship. (CRM,PRM) Provide customer service from central location. Experts’ knowledge can be captured electronically.

Future plans & obstacles ahead : 

Future plans & obstacles ahead In Somalia satellites are merely used in communication since there is no effective government So the main objective of this project is to expand the application of satellite technology beyond the telecommunication sector.  However there a number of obstacle which to be solved before further enhancement is made. The competition in the telecom market is ‘a negotiated competition’. All telecom operators cooperate in Somali Telecom Association where they, e.g., agree on prices.

Obstacles : 

Obstacles Prices are uniform and adjusted according to inflation and the exchange rate to the US-dollar. There are, however, no exclusive regulation and licensing procedures; only acceptance by ruling political forces and market actors is needed to enter the market. Further there are no agreed rules for interconnection. The problem of ‘lack of trust’ is seen as a dominant factor in this; the companies simply do not trust each other – and this again is interconnected with the lack of formal institutions. To solve these obstacles first an effective government is to be established and secondly ,a suitable environment is be put in place to regain confidence and trust between different operators

Conclusion : 

Conclusion Somalia has some of the best telecommunication in Africa, with a handful of companies ready to wire home or office and provide crystal-clear service, including international long distance calls, for the lowest rate possible. Installation time for a land-line is just three days, while in the neighboring Kenya waiting lists are many months long. In other African countries public monopolies and licensing restrictions raise prices and hamper the spread of telecommunications   A part from that, satellite technology has helped in the betterment of life in Somalia. Thousands of job opportunities have been created, which as a result improved the living standard of the country. Satellite technology usage in the country has grown dramatically since the introduction of the private companies in 1992.

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Thank you