Slide 1:1 Chapter 5 Crisis in the Colonies (1630-1750) PowerPoint by Mr. Verde


European Rivalries :European Rivalries By the mid-1700’s, the worldwide nations were locked in a worldwide struggle for the Americas. France, Spain, England and the Netherlands were in competition for trade in the new colonies.


England had two rivals in North America - Spain and France. :England had two rivals in North America - Spain and France. The major threat from Spain was the West Indies and along the border between Georgia and Spanish Florida. Spain clashed in these areas because they had no settlements there. Spain had settlements in New Mexico, Texas and Arizona.


The French claimed a vast area in North America. :The French claimed a vast area in North America. French claimed the land west from the St. Lawrence River to the Great Lakes and Gulf of Mexico. To protect their lands, the French built a system of forts. The French were determined to stop the English from intruding into their territory. Fort William Henry Fort Detroit


The Ohio Valley :The Ohio Valley The Ohio Valley was important because it was a vital link between their lands in Canada and settlements along the Mississippi River. In 1751, the French government issued an order that proclaimed, drive all the foreigners out of the Ohio Territory! Ohio River in Cincinnati


Rivalry in North America :Rivalry in North America In June 1749, the Governor of New France sent a group of men to the Ohio Valley. They fastened metal plates to trees and buried lead plates in the ground to show the land belonged to France. At the same time, Christopher Gist, a Virginia fur trader roamed the Ohio Valley. Gist was summoned by the king to find a good settlement in the Ohio Valley. On February 1751, Christopher Gist carved a claim to land on the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers setting the stage for a battle between France and England over the control of the Ohio River Valley. 6 Christopher Gist


Slide 7:Partial lead plate discovered at the mouth of the Muskingum River near Marietta in Washington County, Ohio. The plates were buried by French explorer Joseph Pierre Celoron de Bienville and his scouting party in 1749. The plate's inscriptions is in French and claim King Louis the XV of France the ruler of the Ohio Valley region. This plate was part of a group of plates placed near strategic tributaries of the Ohio River by Celoron and his party. The expedition and the ceremonies conducted when the plates were buried was intended as a show of force and an attempt to reclaim land for France on which British settlers were encroaching.


Slide 8:8 French expected the Indians to side with them because most French were trappers and traders, not farmers. Also many French men married Native American women and adopted their traditions. Native Americans Choose Sides Native Americans had hunted animals and grown crops in the Ohio Valley for centuries. They did not want to give up their land to European settlers, French or English. Both France and England tried to make Indian allies because Indians controlled the fur trade in the heart of North America.


In contrast, the English settlers were mostly farm families. :In contrast, the English settlers were mostly farm families. They ignored the rights of the Indians and cleared the land for crops. They also did not respect Indian ways. The Indians fought back against the English to stop them from taking over their lands.


In the struggle between France and England for control of North America both nations found allies between the Native Americans. :In the struggle between France and England for control of North America both nations found allies between the Native Americans. Most, but not all, Indians fought on the French side. They included the Abnaki of Maine, the Delaware and Shawnee of Pennsylvania, and the Potawatomi and Ottawa of Michigan and Wisconsin. In time, the English won over the powerful six nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, who were old enemies of the Algonquins.


Native Americans Choose Sides :Native Americans Choose Sides “You and the French are like two edges of a pair of shears (scissors). And we are the cloth which is to be cut to pieces between them.” Remarks of a Native American to an Englishman


Tribes of Native Americans who lived in the Ohio country were stuck between losing their land to the English or the French. :Tribes of Native Americans who lived in the Ohio country were stuck between losing their land to the English or the French. Many decided that the best idea was to take sides in the struggle and ally with one European power against the other. Maybe they could save their land if their side won.


The French and Indian War :The French and Indian War On December 4, 1753 the French Captain Joncaire was just sitting down to eat his dinner when a tall young man strode into the room. He introduced himself as Major George Washington. Washington was delivering a letter to the French forces in the Ohio Valley from England. Captain Joncaire invited Washington to dine with him. In his letter that Washington delivered he stated to the French to get out of the Ohio Valley, or else! A conflict between the English and French was now evident!


Slide 14:What is now considered the “French and Indian War” began in 1753, when a young Virginian, Major George Washington, and a number of men headed out into the Ohio region to deliver a message to a French Captain demanding that French troops leave the territory. The demand was rejected by the French. Settlers in Winchester, Virginia appealing to Washington, a solider in the French and Indian War (1754-63), for protection against Indian raiding parties


Opening Shots :Opening Shots Great Britain and France had been fighting for power in Europe and North America since 1689-1748. In 1754 fighting broke out again for a fourth time. The conflict was called the French and Indian War because colonists were fighting against France and its Native American allies The Ohio River Valley was the center of the dispute.


Washington get his orders… :Washington get his orders… After Washington returned from delivering the warning to the French his commander, Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie promoted him. Governor Dinwiddie then ordered Washington to take 150 men and build a fort where the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers met. The fort was built to protect Virginia’s land claims in the upper Ohio River Valley. Governor Dinwiddie


On April 1754, Washington headed for Ohio. :On April 1754, Washington headed for Ohio. Shortly afterwards he heard some disturbing news. The French had just completed Fort Duquesne at the fork of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers. This was the precise spot Washington planned to build his fort. Quietly Washington surprised a French scouting party that was camped in the woods. He caused them to run away and scatter. Washington heard that the French were going to counter attack so he built a stockade. Opening shots fired


Fort Necessity :Fort Necessity French planned a counter attack Washington builds a stockade; names it Fort Necessity If he could not drive the French from the area, they would at least have to reckon with the English fortifications.


700 French and Indians surround the fort :700 French and Indians surround the fort Badly outnumbered - Washington and his men (150) surrender. The French permitted Washington and his men to return to Virginia safely, but made them promise they would not build another fort west of the Appalachian Mountains for at least a year. England did not officially declare war until 1756, although the conflict had actually begun two years earlier at Fort Necessity.


Slide 20:20 Benjamin Franklin's Snake Device, 1754, printed in the  Pennsylvania Gazette just prior to the Albany Congress,  was the first newspaper cartoon published in British America.


Slide 21:21 The Albany Congress While Washington was defending Fort Necessity, delegates from the seven colonies gathered in Albany, New York. They met for two reasons. They wanted the Iroquois to help them fight against the French. They also wanted to plan a united defense. They Iroquois left the meeting without agreeing to help the British. But they did not join the French either.


Benjamin Franklin, the delegate from Pennsylvania, proposed the Albany Plan of Union. :Benjamin Franklin, the delegate from Pennsylvania, proposed the Albany Plan of Union. The plan called for a Grand Council with representatives from each colony. The council would raise taxes, make laws, and set up the defense of the colonies. Ben Franklin's plan was to unite the colonies and create “one general government”


Delegates of Albany Congress accepted plan :Delegates of Albany Congress accepted plan Submitted plan to colonial assemblies who voted against the Plan of Union because they feared giving up powers to a central government “ Everyone cries a union is needed, but when they come to the manner and for of the Union, their weak noodles are perfectly distracted!” Benjamin Franklin


A String of British Defeats :A String of British Defeats After a year and a half of undeclared war, the French and the English formally declared war in May 1756. For the first three years of the war, the outnumbered French dominated the battlefield and soundly defeating the English in battles at Fort Oswego and Ticonderoga. Perhaps the most notorious battle of the war was the French victory at Fort William Henry, which ended in a massacre of British soldiers by Indians allied with the French. Marquis de Montcalm attempting to halt the massacre of Fort William Henry, Lake George, August 9, 1757, during the French & Indian War


1755 - General Edward Braddock boasted that he would sweep the French from the Ohio Valley. :1755 - General Edward Braddock boasted that he would sweep the French from the Ohio Valley. Braddock was experienced in fighting a war in open fields but he knew little about how to fight in the wilderness of North America. George Washington, who went with Braddock, warned him that he was moving his troops too slow. Braddock ignored Washington’s suggestion to move faster.


French and Indian Allies launch surprise attack. :French and Indian Allies launch surprise attack. British soldiers bright red uniforms made them easy targets Braddock had 5 horses shot out from under him before he died. Out of the 1,400 British soldiers who were in involved in the battle, 900 of them died. The survivors were led to safety by George Washington, then a Braddock aide with the rank of colonel. Braddock was mortally wounded and died a few days later.


The Tide of Battle Turns :The Tide of Battle Turns Pitt sent Britain’s best generals to fight the war. To encourage colonists to support the war, he promised large payments for military service and supplies. In 1757, William Pitt became the leader of the British government. Pitt set out to win the war in North America.


Lord William Pitt began adapting their war strategies to fit the territory and landscape of the American frontier. :Lord William Pitt began adapting their war strategies to fit the territory and landscape of the American frontier. Pitt also persuaded the Delaware people to abandon the French at Fort Duquesne. Soon the British conquered the fort and renamed it Fort Pitt. Colonel George Washington (center) of the Virginia militia raising his hat to the British flag over Fort Duquesne (rebuilt as Fort Pitt) in November 1758:


The French control collapsed during the years 1758-59. :The French control collapsed during the years 1758-59. Exhausted by years of battle, outnumbered and outgunned by the British and abandoned by many of their Indian allies. The French control collapsed with a massive defeat at Quebec in September 1759 BATTLE OF QUEBEC, 1759. Major General James Wolfe and the Marquis de Montcalm at the Battle of Quebec, 13 September 1759.


Fighting went on until the French signed the Treaty of Paris in 1763. :Fighting went on until the French signed the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The Treaty of Paris marked the end of French power in North America. Under the treaty: British gained Canada and all lands East of the Mississippi River. France was allowed to keep a few sugar-growing islands in the West Indies. In 1762, Spain gave Florida to Britain. In return, Spain gained all the lands west of the Mississippi as well as the city of New Orleans. After years of fighting peace returned to North America.


Slide 31:France loses their lands East of the Mississippi River to England. Spain loses Florida and gets some French land West of the Mississippi. Peace is restored. North America 1763:


Lasting effects :Lasting effects The results of the war effectively ended French influence in North America. England gained massive amounts of land and vastly strengthened its hold on the continent. The war, however, also had other results. It hurt relationships between the English and Native Americans; and, though the war seemed to strengthen England's hold on the colonies, the effects of the “French and Indian War” played a major role in the worsening relationship between England and its colonies that eventually led into the Revolutionary War.