PHARMACEUTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MICRO ORGANISMS : PHARMACEUTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MICRO ORGANISMS
INTRODUCTION : INTRODUCTION Microbes are small Single- celled Organisms.
Either free living or in colonies.
They can belonging to any of the three Domains.
TYPES OF MICRO ORGANISMS. : TYPES OF MICRO ORGANISMS.
CLASSIFICATION : CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION : CLASSIFICATION
BACTERIA : BACTERIA A bacterium is an organism belonging to the domain bacteria traditionally classified as 5 kingdoms ,bacteria are microscopic single celled ,and there cell structure is relatively simple.Bacteria population can double as quickly as possible for every 9.8min.Reproduction is by asexually..
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS : BACTERIAL INFECTIONS THEY ARE
USEFUL ACTIVITIES : USEFUL ACTIVITIES DECOMPOSERS
SOIL FERTILITY
SINGLE CELL PROTIENS
PRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS
PRODUCTION OF MILK PRODUCTS
PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTICS
MODELS FOR BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
PRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS : PRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS ACETIC ACID
GLUCONIC ACID
LACTIC ACID
PROPIONIC ACID
CITRIC ACID
LYSIN
GLUTAMIC ACID
PROTEASES
AMYLASES
ACETONE
BUTANOL
GLYCEROL
ETHANOL Acetobacteraceti
Acetobacter
Lactobacillusdelbrueckii
Propionibacterium
Bacilluslicheniformis
Brevibacteriumflavum
Corynebacteriumglutamicum
Bacilluslicheniformis
Bacillusdiastictus,bacillusubtilis
Clostridiumacetobutylicum
Clostridiumsaccharoacetobutylicum
Bacillus subtilis
PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTICS : PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTICS STREPTOMYCIN
CHLOROMYCITIN
KANAMYCIN
VANCOMYCIN
NEOMYCIN
NOVOBIOCIN
CHLORTETRACYCLIN
BACITRACIN
POLYMIXIN B
AMPHOTERICIN B Streptomyces griseus
Streptomyces venezualae
Streptomyces kanomyceticus
Streptomyces orientalis
Streptomyces fradiae
Streptomyces niveus,S.spheroids
Streptomyces aureofacians
Bacillus licheniformis,B.subtilis
Bacillus polymixa
Streptomyces nodosus
ACTINOMYCETES : ACTINOMYCETES Actinomycetes are bacteria with a fungal morphology
They are Gram+ve,nonmotile,non capsulated filaments that break into bacillary and coccoid elements
They are rich source of secondary metabolites with diverse biological activity.
IMPORTANCE OF ACTINOMYCETES : IMPORTANCE OF ACTINOMYCETES PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES
PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTICS
PRODUCTION OF BIOSURFACTANTS
TRANSFORMATION OF XENOBIOTICS
PRODUCTION OF ENZYME INHIBITORS
GENERATION OF IMMUNOMODIFIERS
MARINE ACTINOMYCETES : MARINE ACTINOMYCETES NEOMYCIN(B&C)
APLASMOMYCIN
TETRAZOMIN
MADURALIDE
HALICOMYCINS
BIOXALOMYCINS
ANTHRANILAMIDES
BUTANOLIDE
PROTOZOA : PROTOZOA It is an unicellular non fungal eukaryote ,and heterotropic protist belonging to protista family.
PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS : PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS MALARIA
AMOEBIASIS
GIARDIASIS
TOXOPLASMOSIS
CRYPTOSPORIDISIS
TRICHOMONIASIS
LEISHMANIASIS
SLEEPING SICKNESS
DYSENTRY
USES OF PROTOZOA : USES OF PROTOZOA IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN INDUSTRIES
AQUATIC ECOLOGICAL BALANCE
SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT
CERTAIN PROTOZOAN USED AS REASERCH TOOLS
FUNGI : FUNGI Fungi are eukaryotic,non chlorophyllus filamentus and heterophic micro organisms,reproduce by spores
CLASSIFICATION : CLASSIFICATION
Fungi reproduction : Fungi reproduction
USES OF FUNGI : USES OF FUNGI PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC ACIDS
PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTICS
PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES
PRODUCTION OF VITAMINS
PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOLS
PRODUCTION OF ALKALOIDS
PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES
PRODUCTION OF VITAMINS
PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOLS
ORGANIC ACIDS PRODUCED FROM FUNGUS : ORGANIC ACIDS PRODUCED FROM FUNGUS GALLIC ACID
CITRIC ACID
GLUCONIC ACID
OXALIC ACID
FUMARIC ACID
LACTIC ACID Pencilliumglaucum
Aspergillusniger
Aspergillusniger,Pencilliumperfurogenum
Aspergillusniger,scleroteniumsp
Mucor sps,Rhizopus sps
Rhizopus oryzae
ANTIBIOTICS PRODUCED FROM FUNGI : ANTIBIOTICS PRODUCED FROM FUNGI PENCILLIN
GRISEOFULVIN
CEPHALOSPORIUM
FUSCHIDIC ACID Pencilliumchrysogenum
Pencilliumgriseofulvum
Achrimoniumsps
Fuschidiumcoccinium,Mucorramanneanus
ALGAE : ALGAE Algae are a group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms which contain chlorophyll.They occur in unicellular,colonial,filamentous forms,some are ENDOPHYTIC
CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE : CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE EUGLENOPHYTA(euglenoids)
PYRROPHYTA(dinoflagellates)
PHAEOPHYTA(brownalgae)
RHODOPHYTA(redalgae)
CHLOROPHYTA(greenalgae)
CHRYSOPHYTA(diatoms)
BLUE GREEN ALGAE : BLUE GREEN ALGAE Also called as Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic but not regarded as true bacteria .they inhabit freshwater as well as marine environments and occur as unicellular or filamentous organisms.
IMPORTANCE OF ALGAE : IMPORTANCE OF ALGAE AGAR
ALGINIC ACID
CARRAGEENAN
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH
USED IN GOITER TREATMENT
VIRUSES : VIRUSES Viruses are noncellular,neither eukaryotes nor prokaryotes,they neither grow nor display any nutrition patterns .Replication is the only observable activity of viruses that too is accomplished only with in living cells .Viruses consists of an ultramicroscopic fragment of nucleic acid,either DNA or RNA,surrounded by a sheath of protein.They are responsible for many human dieseases including influenza,hepatitis,polio&chicken pox
IMPORTANCE OF VIRUSES : IMPORTANCE OF VIRUSES TO STUDY MOLECULAR&CELLBIOLOGY
TO STUDY OF GENITICS
PHAGE THERAPY
PRODUCTION VARIOUS VACCINE Antigen&Antibodies
NANOTECHNOLOGY
OTHER PRODUCTS FROM MICROBES : OTHER PRODUCTS FROM MICROBES
Slide 33: Bioconversion
Utilization of microbes to modify a compound
Useful when multi-step chemical synthesis is expensive or inefficient
Often microbial conversion is combined with traditional chemistry to reduce the steps necessary
The most common use of bioconversion is in the synthesis of steroids such as hormones & corticosteroids
Steroids biotransformation : Steroids biotransformation Microbes acts as biocatalyst in steroidal biotransformation in a step or in otherwise in a chemical synthesis
Slide 35: FERMENTATION
Ethanol ProductionProduced via anaerobic fermentation by yeastCorn starch is hydrolyzed to glucose monomers : Ethanol ProductionProduced via anaerobic fermentation by yeastCorn starch is hydrolyzed to glucose monomers
VENIGAR PRODUCTION : VENIGAR PRODUCTION
VITAMINS &AMINO ACIDS : VITAMINS &AMINO ACIDS VITAMINS PRODUCED FROM MICROBIAL SOURCE ARE VITAMIN B12 AND RIBOFLAVIN
MICROBES IN COSMETICS : MICROBES IN COSMETICS In preparation of Antiageing creams
In Hair Growth
In Whitening of skin
Recombinant DrugsBesides antibiotics which are derived from antibiotics Protein medicines are produced by inserting human genes into microbes : Recombinant DrugsBesides antibiotics which are derived from antibiotics Protein medicines are produced by inserting human genes into microbes
Slide 44: 1982, FDA approves the first recombinant protein drug, human insulin produced by E. coli developed by Genentech
Today there are >75 recombinant protein drugs approved by the FDA with 100s more being studied
Currently the global market for recombinant protein drugs is $47.4 billion1
Slide 45: Product Microbe Purpose
Insulin E. coli Diabetes treatment
Interleukin-2 E. coli Cancer/immune system stimulant
EGF E. coli wound healing
Interferons E. coli / yeast Cancer/virus treatments
Prourokinase E.coli / yeast Anticoagulant/heart attacks
CSF E. coli / yeast Immune stimulant
Taxol E. coli ovarian cancer
PLASTICS : PLASTICS Polyhydroxyalkanoate(PHA)is a polymer made by some microbes as a way of storing carbon.
Upto 80% of the microbes biomass is plastic PHA is sold to make shampoo bottles in Germany,and disposable Razors in Japan.
The microbes Pseudomonas putidda converts styrene to PHA.
Slide 48: Enzyme Name Organism Use (examples)
-acetolactate bacteria Removes bitter substances decarboxylase from beer
-amylase bacteria Converts starch to simple sugar
Catalase fungi Reduces food deterioration
Chymosin bacteria or fungi Clots casein to make cheese
-glucanase bacteria Improves beer filtration
Glucose isomerase bacteria Converts glucose to fructose
Glucose oxidase fungi Reduces food deterioration
Lipase fungi Oil and fat modification
Maltogenic amylase bacteria Slows staling of breads
Pectinesterase fungi Improves fruit juice clarity
Protease bacteria Improves bread dough structure
xylanase (hemicellulase) bacteria or fungi Enhances rising of bread dough
CONCLUSION : CONCLUSION The conclusion herein is “Humans can’t survive without a biodiversity of microbes functioning in a manner that makes our life form possible”.
Regardless of human actions, microbes will survive some geological time after mankind no longer inhabits the Earth.
REFERENCES : REFERENCES 1,PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-Principles and applications by Dr.Chandrakanth R.kokare pg no:4.1 – 13.24
2,MICROBIOLOGY fifth edition by MICHEAL J. PELCZAR,E.C.S.CHAN,NOEL R.KRIEG
3,PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY second edition by N.K.JAIN pg no;185 -240
4,TEXT BOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY by T.S.N PRASAD PG NO;137-338
REFERENCES : REFERENCES 5, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/food-microbiology
6, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics
7, WWW.authorstream.com/.../as geust 22319-214826 industrial applications micro organisms enter tags organisms education ppt
8, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/portal:chemistry
9, WWW.istockphoto.com
10,WWW.google.com
11, achinook.squarespace.com/journal/2008/11/28/microbes-ana-back-html
12, http://the pharmacy expert.com/bowl.hygeia.jpg
13, Micro.writers.egybio.net
THANK ‘U’ : THANK ‘U’
PRESENTED BYM.RANGALAKSHMI NAIDURegno:08CR5R0007IV/IV B.PHARMACYSIDDHARTH INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY : PRESENTED BYM.RANGALAKSHMI NAIDURegno:08CR5R0007IV/IV B.PHARMACYSIDDHARTH INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY GUIDED BY
Smt.Ch.Jhansi vani Msc B.ED