Microbiology in Health Control

MICROBIOLOGY IN HEALTH CONTROL & ENVIRONMENT : 

MICROBIOLOGY IN HEALTH CONTROL & ENVIRONMENT

CONTENTS : 

CONTENTS Introduction Role Of Microbiology In Infection Control Surveillance For Management & Control. Contribution From Clinical Microbiology: Passive Surveillance Active Surveillance Virtual Surveillance Infection Control & Prevention Strategies In ICU. Role Of Hospital Based Microbiology Labs In Preparation For & Response To Bioterrorism Event. New Microbiology Tools For Public Health & Their Implications. Environmental Microbiology. Job Description Of Microbiologist Focusing On Environmental Microbiologist. Role Of Microbes In Bioremediation

INTRODUCTION : 

INTRODUCTION MICROBIOLOGY: IS the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. This includes eukaryotes such as fungi and prokaryotes, which are bacteria and archaea. Public health the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals. Environment is a term describes soil, water, air and sediments covering the planet and can also include the animals and plants that inhabit these areas.

Role of microbiology in infection control : 

Role of microbiology in infection control Control of airborne transmission of infection: Ventilation systems and air flow can play an important role in the dissemination of organisms . Ventilation systems in operating theatres must be properly installed and maintained to prevent the ingress of contaminated air and to minimize air currents carrying organisms y the airborne route. Ultra-clean air (air passed through high-efficiency filters to remove bacteria and other particles) has been shown to contribute positively to the reduction in the number of post-operative wound infections developing after long orthopedic operations.

Role of microbiology in infection control : 

Role of microbiology in infection control CONTROLLING STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION TO DISINFECT THE SKIN: Sterilization of Surgical Dressings Air of Rooms Glass Ampoules Floors Syringes

Surveillance for management and control : 

Surveillance for management and control The Scope Of Monitoring Activities Is Often Confined To Surveillance By : Objective Limited (targeted) monitoring Hospital-wide surveillance (preferred). surveillance is often based on: Individual patient risk factors Focused on a hospital ward (nursing unit) Based on microbiology laboratory data Surveillance from the laboratory has the advantage of measuring hospital-wide occurrences from a single, central data & collection point.

Contribution from clinical microbiology : 

Contribution from clinical microbiology The necessary contribution from the laboratory includes surveillance, providing for a systematic observance and measurement of disease, as well as molecular typing of microbial pathogens . It must be remembered that emerging and reemerging infectious disease problems develop locally and then spread globally if not contained. National surveillance based on laboratory data has been particularly useful for detecting rising antimicrobial agent resistance in key human pathogens.

Type of surveillance : 

Type of surveillance Passive surveillance Requires personnel untrained in epidemiology or infection control to detect a pattern of unusual infections as part of their (unrelated) health care duties. There is no attempt to systematically monitor any type of available data, including that from the laboratory, in an effort to detect emerging or reemerging infectious disease problems EXAMPLE: The current epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Type of surveillance : 

Type of surveillance II. Active surveillance: Active surveillance includes using trained infection control professionals and information from multiple sources, including from the microbiology laboratory, to detect changing patterns of microbial pathogens Virtual surveillance. Application of mathematical models to detect outbreaks of infection has been proposed as a novel strategy to optimize available laboratory information in the fight for control of health care-associated infections. The ultimate goal of surveillance is to reduce the rate of nosocomial infections by automatically detecting patterns in the large event space described above.

Infection control and prevention strategies in ICU : 

Infection control and prevention strategies in ICU Intensive care unit: Infection control can be countered by technology (gloves, sharps covers, air exchanges), none of these aids work without constant vigilance on the part of healthcare workers (HCWs).   Patient in ICU have many invasive devices such as Foley catheters to measure output, central lines for fluids and monitoring, arterial lines to measure pressures, endotracheal tubes for assisted ventilation, etc.,   Those infections can be due to the number of invasive lines, mechanical ventilation, or other parameters specific to ICU patients

Infection control and prevention strategies in ICU : 

Infection control and prevention strategies in ICU II. HAND WASHING St. Joseph's requires hand washing before and after each patient encounter and requires the use of antimicrobial agents prior to invasive procedures. Urinary Tract Infections (UTls) The use of impregnated catheters are one way to decrease rates of catheter-associated UTls, but removal of catheters as soon as possible is the best practice

Infection control and prevention strategies in ICU : 

Infection control and prevention strategies in ICU Intravascular Infections Adherence to recommendations regarding insertions, line care, access and tubing changes can help reduce this risk Nosocomial Pneumonia The established protocol for head-of-bed (HOB) elevation, tubing changes and suctioning practices can go a long way toward reducing the risk of infection

Infection control and prevention strategies in ICU : 

Infection control and prevention strategies in ICU III. Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) To reduce the risk of complications, medical staff should adhere to recommended practices regarding care. Antimicrobial Use Long-term or frequent exposure to antibiotics can increase the incidence of antibiotic resistance, so reducing infections becomes even more of a concern. The ICU team includes a host of specialized employees -- environmental cleaning personnel, dietitians, nurses, respiratory therapists and physicians-- to counteract these problems

What is or what should be the role of the hospital-based clinical microbiology laboratory when confronted with bio-threats, bio -crimes, or bioterrorism? : 

What is or what should be the role of the hospital-based clinical microbiology laboratory when confronted with bio-threats, bio -crimes, or bioterrorism?

Role of hospital based microbiology labs in preparation for and response to bioterrorism events : 

Role of hospital based microbiology labs in preparation for and response to bioterrorism events The main role of the hospital-based clinical microbiology laboratory in support of a bio-threat, bio-crime, or act of bioterrorism is to "raise suspicion" when a targeted agent is suspected in a human specimen.

Role of hospital based microbiology labs in preparation for and response to bioterrorism events : 

Role of hospital based microbiology labs in preparation for and response to bioterrorism events How can labs be successful in this role? Criteria for distinguishing the type of bioterrorism event. Information regarding access to and utilization of the LRN, including diagnostic testing protocols. Safety guidelines. Communication and notification protocols. Criteria for the safe packaging and transport of infectious substances. Measures to increase laboratory security.

Role of hospital based microbiology labs in preparation for and response to bioterrorism events : 

Role of hospital based microbiology labs in preparation for and response to bioterrorism events TYPES OF BIOTERRORISM EVENTS: Overt Covert The hospital-based clinical microbiology laboratory should be prepared to recognize and respond to a covert event involving the collection, preservation, transport, and testing of human specimens.

Role of hospital based microbiology labs in preparation for and response to bioterrorism events : 

Role of hospital based microbiology labs in preparation for and response to bioterrorism events Key indicators of a possible act of bioterrorism in raising suspicion follow: A disease entity that is unusual or that does not occur naturally in a given geographical area. Multiple disease entities in one patient, indicating that mixed agents have been used in the event. Increased rates of morbidity and mortality relative to the number of personnel at risk or within a population that inhabits the same area Epidemiological data suggesting a massive point source outbreak

New microbiology tools for public health and their implication : 

New microbiology tools for public health and their implication The realm of diagnostic assays for detection of acute infections is rapidly changing from antibody detection to pathogen detection from clinical laboratory based to point-of-care based. Single analyte detection to multiple analyte detection, and is more focused on detection using less invasive approaches for collecting biological samples.

New microbiology tools for public health and their implication : 

New microbiology tools for public health and their implication New assays are typically more sensitive than are conventional assays and have the capability of providing more information that characterizes the pathogen or the host response to the pathogen.

Environmental microbiology : 

Environmental microbiology Environmental microbiology: The study the life of microorganisms in various environments as (soil & water) and their positive function perform in the environment. METABOLIC DIVERSITY: Microbes, especially bacteria, live in the most widely varied habitats on Earth as they can use energy sources and can grow under different physical conditions (PH-HIGH TEMP-ACIDITY-BASICITY) Members of the Archaea can live in extreme conditions are called extremo-philes The enzymes that make growth possible under these conditions have been of great interest to industries, because they can tol­erate extremes of temperature and pH that would inactivate other enzymes.

Environmental microbiology : 

Environmental microbiology Symbiosis: Is the interaction between co-existing organisms or populations. Parasitism: Is a type of symbiosis in which one microbe derives its nutrients and reproductive capability of another organism

Environmental microbiology : 

Environmental microbiology SOIL MICROBIOLOGY AND BIO-GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES: Billions of organisms, microscopic as well as compara­tively huge insects and earthworms, form a vibrant living community in the soil. The most numerous organisms' in soil are bacteria. Although actinomycetes are bacteria. AQUATIC MICROBIOLOGY AND SEWAGE TREATMENT: It refers to the study of micro-organisms and their activities in natural waters, such as lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries, and oceans. Domestic and industrial wastewater enters lakes and streams, and its degradation and effects on the microbial life is an important factor in aquatic microbiology.

Environmental microbiology : 

Environmental microbiology Aquatic Microorganisms: Large numbers of microorganisms in a body of water generally indicate high nutrient levels in the water. Microorganisms tend to grow on stationary surfaces and on particulate matter In this way, a micro­organism has contact with more nutrients than if it were randomly suspended and floating freely with the current. Freshwater Microbiota: Microbial populations of freshwater bodies tend to be affected mainly by the availability of oxygen and light. Light is the more important resource because photosynthetic algae are the main source of organic matter, and hence of energy

Environmental microbiology : 

Environmental microbiology Seawater Microbiota: Much of the microscopic life of the ocean is composed of photosynthetic diatoms and other algae. Largely independent of preformed organic nutrient sources These microbes use energy from photosynthesis and atmospheric carbon dioxide for carbon

Job description of microbiologist : 

Job description of microbiologist Microbiologists study microbes including; bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae and protozoa.  Microbiologists work with pure cultures They are concerned with:  Observing, identifying and monitoring microbes Developing new techniques, products and processes Quality control and identifying contamination. Environmental microbiologist: Is the microbiologist concerned with the study of the composition and physiology of microbial communities in the environment.

Job description of microbiologist : 

Job description of microbiologist Typical work activities of microbiologist include: Monitoring and assessing samples from a range of sources Using a variety of identification methods to test samples Tracking the development of specific micro-organisms in the environment Working with specialist computer software to undertake research Developing and planning methods to prevent the spread of disease Tracing, monitoring and eliminating infections Developing products, such as enzymes, vitamins, hormones, antibiotics and antimicrobials. Planning, implementing and evaluating new products in clinical trials.

ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN BIOREMEDIATION: : 

ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN BIOREMEDIATION: BIOREMEDIATION: Can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the natural environment altered by contaminants to its original condition. The bioremediation systems in operation today reply on microorganisms native to the contaminated sites, encouraging them to work by supplying them with the optimum levels of nutrients and other chemicals essential for their metabolism. Thus, today's bioremediation systems are limited by the capabilities of the native microbes.

ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN BIOREMEDIATION: : 

ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN BIOREMEDIATION: Researchers are currently investigating ways to augment contaminated sites with nonnative microbes-including genetically engineered microorganisms-especially suited to degrading the contaminants of concern at particular sites. It is possible that this process, known as bio-augmentation, could expand the range of possibilities for future bioremediation systems

ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN BIOREMEDIATION: : 

ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN BIOREMEDIATION: Microorganisms gain energy by catalyzing energy-producing chemical reactions that involve breaking chemical reactions that involve breaking chemical bonds and transferring electrons away from the contaminant. The type of chemical reaction is called an oxidation-reduction reaction The organic contaminant is oxidized; correspondingly, the chemical that gains the electrons is reduced.

ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN BIOREMEDIATION: : 

ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN BIOREMEDIATION: Many microorganisms, like humans, use molecular oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. The process of destroying organic compounds with the aid of (O2) is called aerobic respiration. In aerobic respiration, microbes use (O2) to oxidize part of the carbon in the contaminants to carbon dioxide (CO2) , with the rest of the carbon used to produce new cell mass. In the process the (O2) gets reduced, producing water Many microorganisms can exist without oxygen, using a process called anaerobic respiration

ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN BIOREMEDIATION: : 

ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN BIOREMEDIATION: APPLICATIONS: Bioremediation technologies can be generally classified as in situ or ex situ IN SITU bioremediation involves treating the contaminated material at the site EX SITU involves the removal of the contaminated material to be treated elsewhere. Some examples of bioremediation technologies are bio-venting, land farming, bioreactor, composting, bio-augmentation, rhizo-filtration, and bio-stimulation. Not all contaminants, however, are easily treated by bioremediation using microorganisms. For example, heavy metals such as cadmium and lead are not readily absorbed or captured by organisms. The assimilation of metals such as mercury into the food chain may worsen matters. Phytoremediation is useful in these circumstances.

Slide 33: 

Eslam Mohamed Mohamed El Masry Eslam Mohamed Abd El Aal Eslam Mahmoud Ibrahim El KomY Eslam Mahmoud Mahmoud Hussian Eslam Wasel Hassan Abd El Rahman Eslam Wagih Ali Abd El Wahab  Asmaa Ibrahim Ibrahim El Sharabasy Asmaa Ahmed Abd El Salaam Elsmad Asmaa El Emam Ahmed Emam Asmaa El Hosseiny Hassan Ismaail Asmaa Elsayed Hasanan El Dod

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THANK YOU