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WH Chapter 27: 

WH Chapter 27 Independent Asia 1945-Present

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Section 1: Nationalism and Decolonization in South Asia 1. Decolonization was the transition from colonial possession (of a European nation) to independent statehood. No where was this a simple matter. Decolonization since 1945 was a direct result of the war and the rise of nationalist movements. There were three major patterns of decolonization: the British, the French, and the Dutch. The British ended colonial control of India when convinced to do so. The French struggled to retain the empire. The Dutch were forced to get out quickly by colonists themselves.

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This is a map of the Indian Subcontinent today. At one point all of this territory was controlled by Great Britain. What do you notice about the situation today?

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2. India during WW2 contributed considerable resources including many volunteer soldiers. India had its own constitution since 1935 and its own congress since 1937. Still, the British did not talk about Indian independence until 1942, when they feared the Japanese might takeover India. Mahatma Gandhi launched a campaign of nonviolent resistance in late 1942. The major conflict preventing a peaceful independence was between Muslim and Hindu factions.

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Why did Colonial troops help the British fight in World War II?

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3. Mahandas Gandhi (1869-1948) was a Hindu lawyer trained in Britain, who fought for India’s independence. He was active in the INC. He earned the title “Mahatma” (Great Soul) through his peaceful leadership and passive resistance to British rule in India. Gandhi introduced the practice of civil disobedience to the Indian nationalist movement. Gandhi crusaded for rights for both men and women of all classes. He lived just long enough to witness India’s independence in 1947.

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Gandhi’s protests were peaceful

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4. Demands for Pakistan arose with pressure from the Muslim League led by Muhammad ‘Ali Jinnah. Jinnah and his followers wanted Britain to “divide and quit” India. Pakistan was to be a separate Muslim state. Britain wanted a united India that would allow Muslims to control territories where they held a majority and Hindus to control other territories. India would have a federal government with “states’ rights”. Pakistan was two regions: West Pakistan and East Pakistan.

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Identify India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh

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5. Partition of Indian Subcontinent happened in August 1947. The independent states of India and Pakistan were announced. Chaos engulfed northern India at the start. Millions of Muslims and Hindus resettled in the new states. Jawaharlal Nehru became India’s first prime minister. Gandhi and Nehru

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6. Partition of Pakistan happened by 1971 after years of struggle. West and East Pakistan were separated by 1000 miles of India as well as by language, ethnic background, and culture. Eastern Pakistan became Bangladesh. The Awami League was a political organization which led the movement for independence for East Pakistan. India had to intervene when West Pakistan tried to force the East to stay with them.

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7. Politics and social reform in India continue to be issues today. India is a democratic federal republic with a prime minister, president and a parliament. A new constitution of 1950 improved life for formerly “untouchables” and for women. Women gained the right to vote and hold office. Religion still plays a major role in defining the identity of many Indians.

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8. India’s economic development started under the influence of Nehru who adopted a policy of “democratic socialism”. The government owned much of the heavy industry, but private ownership was encouraged in small business and farming. Population growth challenged the government’s ability to keep the economy growing. Outsourcing has become a big Industry for India today.

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9. Nonalignment is a policy decision of third world countries not to choose between the Western Capitalist leaders of the world and the Socialist/communist leaders. Much of the world was divided along these political lines after 1945. India chose “nonalignment” in the hopes of being friends with both and of receiving aid from both factions.

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10. Indira Gandhi(1917-1984) was a Hindu leader educated at Oxford. Indira became Prime Minister of India in 1966. Her policies caused a great deal of controversy as she attempted to control India’s population. She called a “state of emergency” and ruled for 3 years by herself in response to opposition. She was assassinated in 1984.

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11. Rajiv Gandhi (r. 1984-1991) was the son of Indira and was elected Prime Minister at her death. He was very popular and improved relations with the US and USSR. He was assassinated in 1991 while campaigning.

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Section 2: Revolutionary China 12. People’s Republic of China was proclaimed by Mao in October 1949. The Chinese communists had driven the Nationalists and Chiang Kaishek off the mainland and onto Taiwan. Mao’s government purged Nationalists, local landlords, and other supporters of the old government. About one million were killed. The New Government “cleaned up” the streets, controlled inflation, promoted literacy, and stamped out many forms of corruption. Women gained equality. However, totalitarian control was established.

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Where is China? Where is Taiwan?

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13. Communist Purges took place several times as the communist government of China tried to establish total control. Enemies were silenced. Because the USA refused to recognize the new government, China turned to the Soviet Union for inspiration. Mao and Stalin

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14. Sino-Soviet Split is the name given to the break in political alignment between China and the Soviet government. After Stalin’s death in 1953, Mao became unhappy with the leadership in the USSR. China saw the new leaders as too liberal. Soviets then withdrew technicians who had been helping China and Mao began to see the Soviets as China’s greatest enemy. As a result of these tensions, China decided to try a new economic plan called the Great Leap Forward.

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What kind of emotion does this Great Leap Forward Poster Inspire? These modern Chinese workers show what emotion?

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15. Great Leap Forward was a new plan to modernize China “overnight”—accelerating changes that might have taken generations to accomplish. This plan created large collective farms (25,000 workers) and tried to increase industrial production especially steel. The GLF tried to make social and cultural reforms to transform traditional Chinese society. The Communists rejected individualism and demanded loyalty to the State over even the family. This program flopped miserably. Millions rejected the reforms and many starved because food production fell.

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16. Social and Cultural Reforms of the Great Leap Forward tried to change traditional values. The party controlled every aspect of life: economic activity, education, medical care, entertainment…people resented these intense controls. The changes included the establishment of communes and urban block organizations to destroy the bonds of the Chinese family.

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17. Problems with “Great Leap Forward” were multiple. Peasants resented the communal farms. For decades they had fought to have land of their own. Now the government owned it all. They also resented having their children placed in state-run dormitories. In Industry China lacked the technicians to make their foreign machines run. The worst result of the GLF was the famines. Agriculture did not produce what the communists expected and many starved to death.

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Compare the photo of the Cultural Revolutionary mob and the Propaganda poster. What ideas are promoted by the poster? Are they mirrored in the real-life rally?

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18. The Cultural Revolution began with Mao’s proclamation called “Bombard the Headquarters” which complained of the bureaucratization of the government. Radical students called “Red Guards” staged demonstrations and parades demanding change in the communist leaders. “Quotations from Chairman Mao” became the ultimate authority for Chinese communism. By 1968 Mao had reasserted his control over China and authoritarian government returned.

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Another Propaganda Poster from the Cultural Revolution…

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Section 3: Reemergence of Japan 19. American Occupation of Japan lasted from 1945 to 1952. General Douglas MacArthur hoped to rebuild and reshape Japanese society on the American model. The years of occupation were peaceful, constructive, and cooperative, with Japanese doing most of the work. The rapid growth is reflective of the Japanese ability to accept what cannot be helped, and to change direction in keeping with new circumstances. Japan became a democratic republic with law, education and culture very similar to the USA. Censorship relaxed after 1952 at the end of occupation.

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20. Economic Revival in Japan is referred to as the “Japanese economic miracle”, but it is based on a lot of Japanese hard work, organization, and a national attitude of “group effort”. Not having to maintain a military has allowed Japan to put that money into their economy. Although Japan is sometimes accused of “protectionism” in terms of high tariffs, this type of foreign policy is not unique to Japan. Japan is primarily a nation of prosperous, middle-class people with a huge sense of “group responsibility”. Long hours and low wages were classic during the revival years.

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Hiroshima in ruins. Bullet Train Tokyo Street Merchants

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21. Search for Stability in post-war Japan was threatened by some radical groups, however conservatives succeeded in reestablishing their influence as seen in the “reign” of Yoshida Shigeru. As the head of the Liberal Party, Yoshida influenced Japan for decades. This kind of political stability was needed to rebuild Japan. 22. Yoshida Shigeru (1878-1967) was Prime Minister of Japan from 1946-1955. He supported disarmament and economic growth. When his last government fell apart, the Liberal party split and later united as the Liberal Democratic Party governing until 1993.

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Yoshida Shigeru

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Section 4: War in Korea and SE Asia 23. Outbreak of the Korean War is directly linked to the defeat of Japan after WW2. In 1945 four decades of Japanese rule in Korea ended. However, this did not bring independence. The USSR and USA agreed on a division of Korea which is still in place today. Korea was divided at the now famous 38th parallel. War between north and south zones broke out in June 1950. Kim Il Sung ordered northern troops to cross into the South ruled by Syngman Rhee. The USA stepped in to support South Korea with UN support.

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American GI and Korean Friends Where is Korea? Why might it be a better question to say, “Where are the Koreas?”

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24. Chinese intervention in the Korean War aimed to back North Korea. When the US backed forces pushed North Koreans close to the Chinese-Korean border, the Chinese sent troops across to attack US and S. Korean forces. In July 1953 both sides signed a cease-fire and Korea remained divided. Why did Kim attack the South? He hoped to reunify Korea. The result however is lasting division.

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25. The Indochina war can be considered the first phase of war between the West and the East in Southeast Asia. This phase of war lasted from 1946 to 1954. Local nationalist groups representing Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia fought French troops for independence. Ho Chi Minh was the most important of these nationalist leaders. He spoke French and English and was an avowed Marxist. His followers fought a guerrilla war until the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu led to peace negotiations at Geneva in 1954. Vietnam was divided into north and south at the 17th parallel.

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Which countries were once Indochina?

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26. Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) was the leader of the Viet Minh, the Vietnamese Communist Party. His forces struggled first against the French and then against the Americans for control of Vietnam. Cold War pressures encouraged Americans to try to contain the spread of Communism in Vietnam. 27. Viet Minh was the League for the Independence of Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh. It was the Vietnamese nationalist party who fought for independence of Vietnam.

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Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) Outline of Vietnam

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Two Villages in Vietnam What do you see?

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28. Vietnam War could be considered the second phase of the Indo-China War. Deeper US involvement after the French withdrew occurred because of the Cold War. Rebellion in South Vietnam against the corrupt government of Ngo Dinh Diem (supported by the USA) eventually led to increased US aid and then troops in Vietnam. In 1965 President Johnson ordered a bombing campaign. The Tet Offensive in 1968 was a turning point. Soon after this US support of this war started to wane. Cease fire occurred in 1975 and the international aspects of the conflict ended.

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Suspected Viet Cong being arrested

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29. Viet Cong was a term used to refer to the Vietnamese Communists. They waged a guerrilla war in the South Vietnamese countryside. They wanted to “liberate” south Vietnam one village at a time. The American soldiers were told to destroy a village in order to save it from communism. What a conflict those two ideas represent!

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American Soldiers fighting during the Tet Offensive

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30. The Tet Offensive was a major turning point in the Vietnam War. It represents a surprising defeat for US forces and the point at which many US citizens turned against this conflict and US support for worldwide warfare. The Tet Offensive came in early 1968 and sparked Student protests in the US and Europe. The Viet Cong struck at cities and towns across South Vietnam, inflicting sharp blows against the US and South Vietnamese. The US was able to push the Viet Cong back, but at tremendous loss of life.

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What turned Americans against the war in Vietnam?

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31. Vietnamization is a term used to describe the returning of power in South Vietnam to the Vietnamese at whatever the cost. It included the US withdrawal from Vietnam and the end of US involvement there. Peace talks began in 1968 but cease fire did not occur until 1973. In 1975 the North Vietnamese broke the cease fire and took control of South Vietnam. Approximately 58,000 Americans and 1.3 million Vietnamese lost their lives in the fighting.

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32. Laos and Cambodia are neighboring countries to Vietnam. The main supply line for the Communists ran through Laos: the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Beginning in the 1960s the US ordered bombing in Laos to stop the flow of supplies to the Viet Cong. An invasion of Laos by South Vietnamese troops farther destabilized the country and a communist movement (Pathet Lao) seized control. Cambodia suffered a similar fate falling to the Khmer Rouge a radical communist group in 1975. Cambodia is now called Kampuchea. Many died in the communist purges led by Pol Pot. Pol Pot died in 2001.

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Section 5: Asian Road to Development 33. China after Mao represents great economic and some political changes. Mao died in 1976. Deng Xiaoping was able to establish control by the late 1970s. Most Chinese were tired of politics and ideology and just wanted to get on with their lives. Deng started to emphasize the “Four Modernizations”—agriculture, industry, science and technology, and defense. China also moved toward a market economy. Economic change led to desire for political change.

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34. Economic Reforms of the post-Mao era include a move towards a market economy. More foreign investment was encouraged. In the 1980s and 1990s China’s economy grew faster than any other major country. Urban areas are developing better living standards than rural areas. Many cities are dangerously polluted.

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35. Tiananmen Square is the result of pressures for more political freedom and democratic reforms. In the spring of 1989 hundreds of thousands of demonstrators gathered in Tiananmen Square demanding end to the corruption in the Communist Party, greater say in the selection of their leaders, and better conditions in the universities. Thousands of students went on a hunger strike. The government declared martial law and attempted to clear the square with tanks and armed troops. Hundreds were killed and thousands injured.

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In spite of changes made in China after Mao, Protests still led to Military intervention at Tiananmen Square in 1989

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36. Japan as an Economic Superpower has extended its economic influence even more widely than its former military successes. However the Japanese have been reluctant to function as a world power in other terms. Japan would prefer to increase its political influence without building into a military power. By 1988 Japan had become the world’s largest donor of foreign aid. Japan emphasizes economic development rather than military aid. Japan is a leader in limiting industrial pollution and reducing energy use. China and Japan are now trading partners again.

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Tokyo Today

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37. The Four Tigers a. South Korea was one of the poorest countries in 1953. From 1948 to the late 1980s the government put down opposition and promoted development and investment. Protests led to some reforms in 1987 such as new elections and relaxed censorship. b. Hong Kong is the most successful of the 4 Tigers. It was under British control from 1842-1997. Although it has a successful capitalist system, it is now ruled by communist China. It is home to millions of Chinese.

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Seoul, South Korea

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Hong Kong apartments

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Hong Kong Skyline

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c. Taiwan was proclaimed independent of China in 1949 and became the home to Chinese Nationalists led by Chiang Kaishek. The island was under martial law until 1987. The government concentrated on economic growth. The PRC would like Taiwan back. d. Singapore is a small state on the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. From 1965-1990 the government was led by Lee Kuan Yew who supported a market economy. Singapore became one of the wealthiest nations in SE Asia. The authoritarian regime has been criticized, but successful economically.

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Taipei, Taiwan Singapore

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38. Other Paths to the Future a. India has struggled with separatist movements although democracy has remained strong. Pakistan remained in political turmoil. General Zia ul-Hag gained power in 1977 and ruled until 1988. Benazir Bhutto won elections and became the first woman to lead a Muslim state. b. Bangladesh followed a path of steady decline because of floods, hurricanes, and other disasters. In 1982 General Ershad took control until 1990 when Khaleda Zia was elected as the first woman leader of her country.

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c. Vietnam reunited by the communists brought many “boat people” to western countries. Under the communist government socialist economic policies caused the economy to stagnate. Now they are moving toward a market economy. d. Cambodia has yet to recover from the Khmer Rouge atrocities. In 1990 a peace agreement brought democratic elections. In 1997 Khmer Rouge leaders fought amongst themselves and autocratic rule returned.

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Mekong River Sunset

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Cambodian temple over-run with roots.

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e. Burma has autocratic rule. In the 1960s it was military rule. In the 1980s dissidents challenged the generals but thousands were killed. After independence called Myanmar. f. Indonesia has a one-party government which promotes economic growth. General Suharto seized power and stifled dissent, while promoting economic investment. Indonesia could be a 5th Tiger nation. g. The Philippines gained independence from the US in 1946. They have a democratic government. In 1986 the People Power movement established a firm democracy led by Corazon Aquino.

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Burma/Myanmar Jakarta, Indonesia Manila, Philippines

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Sources include: World History: Continuity and Change , Hanes (HRW) 1999 Western Civilization , Hause and Maltby (West) 1999 The Western Heritage 6th Ed, Kagan (Prentice Hall) 1998 East Asia: A New History, Rhoads Murphey (Pearson-Longman) 2003 *all pictures pirated from internet sites using Google images.