Avian influenza in poultry

Avian influenza : 

Avian influenza FAISAL HUSSNAIN 2008-VA-470

History : 

History In 1878 a respiratory disease causing high mortality in poultry was first described as Fowl Plague. In 1955 an influenza virus was isolated as the cause of Fowl Plague or avian influenza.

Causative agent: : 

Causative agent: A virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae. It is RNA virus. Several virus subtypes exist, which are divided on the bases of the antigenic relationships in the virus glycoprotein haemoagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). At present 15 H subtypes have been recognized (H1-H15) and nine neuraminidase subtypes (N1- N9).

Incubation period : 

Incubation period The incubation periods for these viruses range from as short as a few hours to 3 days in individual birds and up to 14 days to spread throughout a flock.

Transmission : 

Transmission Secretions from infected birds, by wild birds and contaminated feed, equipment and people. Seabirds and migratory waterfowl comprise the main reservoir for avian influenza virus.

Slide 7: 

Differentiating on the basis of pathogencity the disease can be classified in to two types HPAI( Highly Pathogenic Avian influenza) LPAI (Low pathogenic avian influenza)

Antemortem findings : 

Antemortem findings Marked depression, loss of appetite and watery diarrhea Coughing, sneezing, rales, excessive lacrimation Drop in egg production in layers The conjunctiva is congested and swollen, and occasionally hemorrhagic. Swollen combs with cyanotic tips and hemorrhagic surface Edematous wattles and edema around the eyes, head and neck Ruffled feathers and dark red skin Diffuse hemorrhages between the hocks and feet Blood in the cloacae

Signs of HPAI : 

Signs of HPAI Depression Loss of appetite Cessation of egg laying Nervous signs Swelling and blue discoloration of combs and wattles due to disturbance of blood circulation Coughing Sneezing Diarrhea Sudden death can occur without any previous signs

Signs of LPAI : 

Signs of LPAI Mild respiratory disease depression and drop in egg production in laying birds. Misshapen and soft shelled eggs Unstable coordination.

Post mortem lesions : 

Post mortem lesions Inflammation of sinuses, trachea, air sac, conjunctiva Ovarian regression or hemorrhages Necrosis of skin of comb and wattles Subcutaneous edema of head and neck Dehydration Muscle congested Hemorrhages in proventricular and gizzard mucosa and lymphoid tissues of intestinal tract

MISSHAPEN EGGS : 

MISSHAPEN EGGS

Facial swelling and respiratory distress : 

Facial swelling and respiratory distress

CYANOSIS : 

CYANOSIS

SUBCUTANEOUS HAEMORRHAGE OF SHANKS : 

SUBCUTANEOUS HAEMORRHAGE OF SHANKS

Hemorrhage in the small intestine, between two dark colored ceca : 

Hemorrhage in the small intestine, between two dark colored ceca

Bloody cloacae and dark colored skin : 

Bloody cloacae and dark colored skin