Ch13 110810 Online Lecture

Slide 1: 

©2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved Chapter 13 Immunity and Infection

The Chain of Infection : 

©2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved The Chain of Infection Links in the Chain Pathogen - disease causing microorganism Reservoir - natural environment of the pathogen Person Animal environmental component Portal of entry Penetration of the skin Inhalation through mouth or nose Ingestion Breaking the Chain 2

Body’s Defense System : 

©2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved Body’s Defense System Physical and Chemical barriers Skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract The Immune System Immunological Defenders Macrophages – “big eaters” Natural killer cells Dendritic cells – eat pathogens and activate lymphocytes 3

The Inflammatory Response : 

©2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved The Inflammatory Response Histamine. Dilation of blood vessels, heat, redness, and swelling. 4

Immunity : 

©2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved Immunity An infected person will never get same illness again. Symptoms and contagion Incubation – viruses are multiplying in the body or when bacteria are actively multiplying Prodromal period – the infected host has acquired immunity 5

Immunization : 

©2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved Immunization VACCINE- Introduction of a killed or weakened pathogen to stimulate the body to produce antibodies. ACTIVE IMMUNITY - person produces own antibodies PASSIVE IMMUNITY- Injection of antibodies produced by other human beings or animals. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY-The ability of a memory lymphocytes to remember a previous infection. (chicken pox). HERD IMMUNITY 6

Allergy: The Body’s Defense System Gone Haywire : 

©2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved Allergy: The Body’s Defense System Gone Haywire Allergies Allergens The Allergic response Anaphylaxis Dealing with Allergies Avoidance Medication Immunotherapy allergy shots 7

Pathogens and Disease : 

©2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved Pathogens and Disease Bacterium – Microscopic single celled organism Pneumonia Meningitis Tuberculosis Antibiotic resistance Proper antibiotics usage Don’t take an antibiotic every time you are sick Use antibiotics as directed Never take an antibiotic without an prescription 8

Type of Pathogens : 

©2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved Type of Pathogens Viruses – (parasites – take what they need) Most common contagious disease Common Cold Influenza Treatment Fungi – Yeast infections, athletes foot, jock itch, Protozoan – Microscopic single-celled animal – Malaria Parasitic worm – Largest organism that can enter the body – Tapeworm Prions – 9

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) : 

©2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Spread of an infection from person to person mainly through sexual activity. 65 million Americans were infected with an STD. 19 million Americans become newly infected with an STD each year. 10

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) : 

©2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Worldwide, AIDS is the leading cause of death for people age 15-59 ~65 Million people around the world have been infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) since epidemic began. ~ 1% of the world’s population 1.1 million Americans have been infected and about 500,000 have died since the start of epidemic. http://dhmh.state.md.us/AIDS/Data&Statistics/MarylandHIVFactSheet092509.pdf Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus which causes AIDS. 11

Transmitting the Virus : 

©2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved Transmitting the Virus HIV lives only within cells and body fluids. Sexual contact Direct contact with infected blood. Mother-to-Child transmission. Not through casual contact. 12

Chlamydia Trachomatis : 

©2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved Chlamydia Trachomatis Most prevalent bacterial STD in the U.S. Bacterial infection Can cause sterility in men and women Symptoms –ASYMPTOMATIC : Discharge pain and burning while urinating or during intercourse vaginal bleeding 13

Gonorrhea : 

©2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved Gonorrhea 350,000 new cases reported to the CDC in 2006. 5.5% increase over 2005. Bacterial infection - Can cause sterility, arthritis and heart problems PID Gonococcal conjunctivitis Symptoms – Women - Asymptomatic - Frequent burning urination, menstrual irregularities, pelvic pain, discharge. Males – thick yellow-white discharge, painful urination. 14

Genital Herpes : 

©2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved Genital Herpes 1 in 5 adults in the U.S. has genital herpes Two forms - Herpes simples virus-1 and -2. HSV 1 (Type 1) is associated with cold sores and fever blisters. HSV 2 (Type 2) - genital Remains in body for life. Symptoms – 90% have no symptoms Recurring rash. Primary outbreak - pain and discomfort around infected area, itching, burning during urination. 15

Syphilis : 

©2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved Syphilis 7000-10,000 new cases of early syphilis in the U.S. Syphilis organism remains in the body for life and leads to disfigurement, neurological disorders, or death. Effective antibiotics and condom use. Diagnosis and Treatment Examination of infected tissues and with blood tests Treated by antibiotics 16