MODULE 85

MODULE 8 Security and Ethical Challenges: 

MODULE 8 Security and Ethical Challenges

Learning Objectives: 

Learning Objectives Identify several ethical issues in how the use of information technologies in business affects: employment, individuality, working conditions, Privacy, crime, health, and solutions to societal problems Identify several types of security management strategies and defenses, and explain how they can be used to ensure the security of business applications of information technology Propose several ways that business managers and professionals can help to lessen the harmful effects and increase the beneficial effects of the use of IT

IT Security, Ethics, and Society: 

IT Security, Ethics, and Society IT has both beneficial and harmful effects on society and people Manage work activities to minimize the harmful effects of IT Optimize the beneficial effects

Business Ethics: 

Business Ethics Ethics questions that managers confront as part of their daily business decision making include: Equity Rights Honesty Exercise of corporate power

Categories of Ethical Business Issues and specific business practices: 

Categories of Ethical Business Issues and specific business practices

Corporate Social Responsibility Theories(Business Ethics): 

Corporate Social Responsibility Theories(Business Ethics) Stockholder Theory Managers are agents of the stockholders Their only ethical responsibility is to increase the profits of the business without violating the law or engaging in fraudulent practices Social Contract Theory Companies have ethical responsibilities to all members of society, who allow corporations to exist Stakeholder Theory Managers have an ethical responsibility to manage a firm for the benefit of all its stakeholders Stakeholders are all individuals and groups that have a stake in, or claim on, a company

Principles of Technology Ethics: 

Principles of Technology Ethics Proportionality - The good achieved by the technology must outweigh the harm or risk; there must be no alternative that achieves the same or comparable benefits with less harm or risk Informed Consent - Those affected by the technology should understand and accept the risks Justice The benefits and burdens of the technology should be distributed fairly Those who benefit should bear their fair share of the risks, and those who do not benefit should not suffer a significant increase in risk Minimized Risk - Even if judged acceptable by the other three guidelines, the technology must be implemented so as to avoid all unnecessary risk

AITP Standards of Professional Conduct: 

AITP Standards of Professional Conduct

Responsible Professional Guidelines: 

Responsible Professional Guidelines A responsible professional Acts with integrity Increases personal competence Sets high standards of personal performance Accepts responsibility for his/her work Advances the health, privacy, and general welfare of the public

Computer Crime: 

Computer Crime Computer crime includes Unauthorized use, access, modification, or destruction of hardware, software, data, or network resources The unauthorized release of information The unauthorized copying of software Denying an end user access to his/her own hardware, software, data, or network resources Using or conspiring to use computer or network resources illegally to obtain information or tangible property

Cybercrime Protection Measures : 

Cybercrime Protection Measures

Hacking: 

Hacking Hacking is The obsessive use of computers The unauthorized access and use of networked computer systems Electronic Breaking and Entering Hacking into a computer system and reading files, but neither stealing nor damaging anything Cracker A malicious or criminal hacker who maintains knowledge of the vulnerabilities found for private advantage

Common Hacking Tactics: 

Common Hacking Tactics Denial of Service Hammering a website’s equipment with too many requests for information Clogging the system, slowing performance, or crashing the site Scans Widespread probes of the Internet to determine types of computers, services, and connections Looking for weaknesses Sniffer Programs that search individual packets of data as they pass through the Internet Capturing passwords or entire contents Spoofing Faking an e-mail address or Web page to trick users into passing along critical information like passwords or credit card numbers

Common Hacking Tactics: 

Common Hacking Tactics Trojan House A program that, unknown to the user, contains instructions that exploit a known vulnerability in some software Back Doors A hidden point of entry to be used in case the original entry point is detected or blocked Malicious Applets Tiny Java programs that misuse your computer’s resources, modify files on the hard disk, send fake email, or steal passwords War Dialing Programs that automatically dial thousands of telephone numbers in search of a way in through a modem connection Logic Bombs An instruction in a computer program that triggers a malicious act

Common Hacking Tactics: 

Common Hacking Tactics Buffer Overflow Crashing or gaining control of a computer by sending too much data to buffer memory Password Crackers Software that can guess passwords Social Engineering Gaining access to computer systems by talking unsuspecting company employees out of valuable information, such as passwords social engineering is generally a hacker’s clever manipulation of the natural human tendency to trust. Dumpster Diving Sifting through a company’s garbage to find information to help break into their computers

PowerPoint Presentation: 

A True Story One morning a few years back, a group of strangers walked into a large shipping firm and walked out with access to the firm’s entire corporate network. How did they do it? By obtaining small amounts of access, bit by bit, from a number of different employees in that firm. First, they did research about the company for two days before even attempting to set foot on the premises. For example, they learned key employees’ names by calling HR. Next, they pretended to lose their key to the front door, and a man let them in. Then they "lost" their identity badges when entering the third floor secured area, smiled, and a friendly employee opened the door for them. The strangers knew the CFO was out of town, so they were able to enter his office and obtain financial data off his unlocked computer. They dug through the corporate trash, finding all kinds of useful documents. They asked a janitor for a garbage pail in which to place their contents and carried all of this data out of the building in their hands. The strangers had studied the CFO's voice, so they were able to phone, pretending to be the CFO, in a rush, desperately in need of his network password. From there, they used regular technical hacking tools to gain super-user access into the system. In this case, the strangers were network consultants performing a security audit for the CFO without any other employees' knowledge. They were never given any privileged information from the CFO but were able to obtain all the access they wanted through social engineering.

Typical type of computer crimes by hackers: 

Typical type of computer crimes by hackers Hackers can monitor e-mail, web server access or file transfers to extract passwords or steal network files or to plant data A hacker may also use remote services that allow one computer on a network to execute programs on another computer to gain privileged access within a network Hackers have used Telnet to access computer’s e-mail port

Cyber Theft: 

Cyber Theft Many computer crimes involve the theft of money The majority are “inside jobs” that involve unauthorized network entry and alternation of computer databases to cover the tracks of the employees involved Many attacks occur through the Internet Most companies don’t reveal that they have been targets or victims of cybercrime

Unauthorized Use at Work: 

Unauthorized Use at Work Unauthorized use of computer systems and networks is time and resource theft Un- authorised use of company-owned computer networks by employees Doing private consulting Doing personal finances Playing video games Unauthorized use of the Internet or company networks Sniffers Used to monitor network traffic or capacity Find evidence of improper use

Internet Abuses in the Workplace: 

Internet Abuses in the Workplace General email abuses Unauthorized usage and access Copyright infringement/plagiarism Newsgroup postings Transmission of confidential data Pornography Hacking Non-work-related download/upload Leisure use of the Internet Use of external ISPs Moonlighting

Software Piracy: 

Software Piracy Software Piracy Unauthorized copying of computer programs Unauthorized copying is illegal because s/w is intellectual property Licensing Purchasing software is really a payment to license its fair use Site license allows Companies to legally to make a certain number of copies for their employees Shareware which allows to make copies of s/w for others Public domain software which is not copyrighted A third of the software industry’s revenues are lost to piracy

Theft of Intellectual Property: 

Theft of Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Copyrighted material Includes such things as music, videos, images, articles, books, and other written works Copyright Infringement is Illegal Peer-to-peer networking techniques have made it easy to trade pirated intellectual property P2P file sharing software enables direct MP3 audio file transfe5rs of specified tracks of music between your PC and those of other users on the internet

Viruses and Worms: 

Viruses and Worms A virus is a program code that cannot work without being inserted into another program A worm is a distinct program that can run unaided These programs copy annoying or destructive routines into networked computers Spread destruction among many users Destroy the contents of memory, H/D, and storage devices Commonly transmitted through The Internet and online services Email and file attachments Illegal or borrowed copies of s/w Disks from contaminated computers Shareware

Top Five Virus Families of all Time: 

Top Five Virus Families of all Time My Doom, 2004 Spread via email and over Kazaa file-sharing network Installs a back door on infected computers Infected email poses as returned message or one that can’t be opened correctly, urging recipient to click on attachment Opens up TCP ports that stay open even after termination of the worm Upon execution, a copy of Notepad is opened, filled with nonsense characters Netsky, 2004 Mass-mailing worm that spreads by emailing itself to all email addresses found on infected computers Tries to spread via peer-to-peer file sharing by copying itself into the shared folder It renames itself to pose as one of 26 other common files along the way

Top Five Virus Families of all Time: 

Top Five Virus Families of all Time SoBig, 2004 Mass-mailing email worm that arrives as an attachment Examples: Movie_0074.mpg.pif, Document003.pif Scans all .WAB, .WBX, .HTML, .EML, and .TXT files looking for email addresses to which it can send itself Also attempts to download updates for itself Klez, 2002 A mass-mailing email worm that arrives with a randomly named attachment Exploits a known vulnerability in MS Outlook to auto-execute on unpatched clients Tries to disable virus scanners and then copy itself to all local and networked drives with a random file name Deletes all files on the infected machine and any mapped network drives on the 13th of all even-numbered months

Top Five Virus Families of all Time: 

Top Five Virus Families of all Time Sasser, 2004 Exploits a Microsoft vulnerability to spread from computer to computer with no user intervention Spawns multiple threads that scan local subnets for vulnerabilities

The Cost of Viruses, Trojans, Worms: 

The Cost of Viruses, Trojans, Worms Cost of the top five virus families Nearly 115 million computers in 200 countries were infected in 2004 Up to 11 million computers are believed to be permanently infected In 2004, total economic damage from virus proliferation was $166 to $202 billion Average damage per computer is between $277 and $366

Adware and Spyware: 

Adware and Spyware Adware Software that purports to serve a useful purpose, and often does Allows advertisers to display pop-up and banner ads without the consent of the computer users Spyware Adware that uses an Internet connection in the background, without the user’s permission or knowledge Captures information about the user and sends it over the Internet

Spyware Problems: 

Spyware Problems Spyware can steal private information and also Add advertising links to Web pages Gather information about e-mail id, passwords and credit cards Change a users home page and search settings Monitors user activity on the internet Leave security holes that let Trojans in Degrade system performance Removal programs are often not completely successful in eliminating spyware

Privacy Issues: 

Privacy Issues The power of information technology to store and retrieve information can have a negative effect on every individual’s right to privacy Personal information is collected with every visit to a Web site Confidential information stored by credit bureaus, credit card companies, and the government has been stolen or misused

Privacy Issues: 

Privacy Issues Violation of Privacy Accessing individuals’ private email conversations and computer records Collecting and sharing information about individuals gained from their visits to Internet websites Computer Monitoring Always knowing where a person is Mobile and paging services are becoming more closely associated with people than with places Computer Matching Using customer information gained from many sources to market additional business services Unauthorized Access of Personal Files Collecting telephone numbers, email addresses, credit card numbers, and other information to build customer profiles

Protecting Your Privacy on the Internet: 

Protecting Your Privacy on the Internet There are multiple ways to protect your privacy Encrypt email Send newsgroup postings through anonymous remailers Ask your ISP not to sell your name and information to mailing list providers and other marketers Don’t reveal personal data and interests on online service and website user profiles

Cyberlaw: 

Cyberlaw Laws intended to regulate activities over the Internet or via electronic communication devices Encompasses a wide variety of legal and political issues Includes intellectual property, privacy, freedom of expression, and jurisdiction The intersection of technology and the law is controversial Some feel the Internet should not be regulated Encryption and cryptography make traditional form of regulation difficult The Internet treats censorship as damage and simply routes around it

Other Challenges: 

Other Challenges Employment IT creates new jobs and increases productivity It can also cause significant reductions in job opportunities, as well as requiring new job skills Computer Monitoring Using computers to monitor the productivity and behavior of employees as they work Criticized as unethical because it monitors individuals, not just work, and is done constantly Criticized as invasion of privacy because many employees do not know they are being monitored Working Conditions IT has eliminated monotonous or obnoxious tasks However, some skilled craftsperson jobs have been replaced by jobs requiring routine, repetitive tasks or standby roles Individuality Dehumanizes and depersonalizes activities because computers eliminate human relationships Inflexible systems

Health Issues: 

Health Issues Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) Disorders suffered by people who sit at a PC or terminal and do fast-paced repetitive keystroke jobs Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Painful, crippling ailment of the hand and wrist Typically requires surgery to cure

Ergonomics: 

Ergonomics Designing healthy work environments Safe, comfortable, and pleasant for people to work in Increases employee morale and productivity Also called human factors engineering Ergonomics Factors

Societal Solutions: 

Societal Solutions Using information technologies to solve human and social problems Medical diagnosis Computer-assisted instruction Governmental program planning Environmental quality control Law enforcement Job placement The detrimental effects of IT Often caused by individuals or organizations not accepting ethical responsibility for their actions

Security Management of IT: 

Security Management of IT The Internet was developed for inter-operability, not impenetrability Business managers and professionals alike are responsible for the security, quality, and performance of business information systems Hardware, software, networks, and data resources must be protected by a variety of security measures

Security Management: 

Security Management The goal of security management is the accuracy, integrity, and safety of all information system processes and resources

Internetworked Security Defenses: 

Internetworked Security Defenses Encryption Data is transmitted in scrambled form It is unscrambled by computer systems for authorized users only The most widely used method uses a pair of public and private keys unique to each individual

Public/Private Key Encryption: 

Public/Private Key Encryption

Internetworked Security Defenses: 

Internetworked Security Defenses Firewalls A gatekeeper system that protects a company’s intranets and other computer networks from intrusion Provides a filter and safe transfer point for access to/from the Internet and other networks Important for individuals who connect to the Internet with DSL or cable modems Can deter hacking, but cannot prevent it

Internet and Intranet Firewalls: 

Internet and Intranet Firewalls

Internetworked Security Defenses: 

Internetworked Security Defenses Email Monitoring Use of content monitoring software that scans for troublesome words that might compromise corporate security Virus Defenses Centralize the updating and distribution of antivirus software Use a security suite that integrates virus protection with firewalls, Web security, and content blocking features

Other Security Measures: 

Other Security Measures Security Codes Multilevel password system Encrypted passwords Smart cards with microprocessors Backup Files Duplicate files of data or programs Security Monitors Monitor the use of computers and networks Protects them from unauthorized use, fraud, and destruction Biometrics Computer devices measure physical traits that make each individual unique Voice recognition, fingerprints, retina scan Computer Failure Controls Prevents computer failures or minimizes its effects Preventive maintenance Arrange backups with a disaster recovery organization

Other Security Measures: 

Other Security Measures In the event of a system failure, fault-tolerant systems have redundant processors, peripherals, and software that provide Fail-over capability : shifts to back up components Fail-save capability : the system continues to operate at the same level Fail-soft capability : the system continues to operate at a reduced but acceptable level A disaster recovery plan contains formalized procedures to follow in the event of a disaster Which employees will participate What their duties will be What hardware, software, and facilities will be used Priority of applications that will be processed Use of alternative facilities Offsite storage of databases

Information System Controls: 

Information System Controls Methods and devices that attempt to ensure the accuracy, validity, and propriety of information system activities

PowerPoint Presentation: 

THANK YOU

Protecting Yourself from Cybercrime: 

Protecting Yourself from Cybercrime

Auditing IT Security: 

Auditing IT Security IT Security Audits Performed by internal or external auditors Review and evaluation of security measures and management policies Goal is to ensure that that proper and adequate measures and policies are in place