Communications and Services Certifications :2 Communications and Services Certifications


Slide 3:3 CCNA


CCNA Exam :4 CCNA Exam Exam Number - 640-801 Total Marks - 1000 Duration – 90 Mts Passing score – 849 Questions -45-55 Multiple Choice Simulations Drag and Drop


Benefits :5 Benefits Peer Validation Personal Potential Employer Career advancement


Cisco Icons and Symbols :6 Cisco Icons and Symbols


Data Networks :7 Data Networks Sharing data through the use of floppy disks is not an efficient or cost-effective manner. Businesses needed a solution that would successfully address the following three problems: How to avoid duplication of equipment and resources How to communicate efficiently How to set up and manage a network Businesses realized that networking technology could increase productivity while saving money.


Networking Devices :8 Networking Devices Equipment that connects directly to a network segment is referred to as a device. These devices are broken up into two classifications. End-user devices Network devices End-user devices include computers, printers, scanners, and other devices that provide services directly to the user. Network devices include all the devices that connect the end-user devices together to allow them to communicate.


Network Interface Card :9 Network Interface Card A network interface card (NIC) is a printed circuit board that provides network communication capabilities to and from a personal computer. Also called a LAN adapter.


Hub :10 Hub Connects a group of Hosts


Switch :11 Switch Switches add more intelligence to data transfer management.


Router :12 Router Routers are used to connect networks together Route packets of data from one network to another Cisco became the de facto standard of routers because of their high-quality router products Routers, by default, break up a broadcast domain


Network Topologies :13 Network Topologies Network topology defines the structure of the network. One part of the topology definition is the physical topology, which is the actual layout of the wire or media. The other part is the logical topology,which defines how the media is accessed by the hosts for sending data.


Bus Topology :14 Bus Topology A bus topology uses a single backbone cable that is terminated at both ends. All the hosts connect directly to this backbone.


Ring Topology :15 Ring Topology A ring topology connects one host to the next and the last host to the first. This creates a physical ring of cable.


Star Topology :16 Star Topology A star topology connects all cables to a central point of concentration.


Extended Star Topology :17 Extended Star Topology An extended star topology links individual stars together by connecting the hubs and/or switches.This topology can extend the scope and coverage of the network.


Mesh Topology :18 Mesh Topology A mesh topology is implemented to provide as much protection as possible from interruption of service. Each host has its own connections to all other hosts. Although the Internet has multiple paths to any one location, it does not adopt the full mesh topology.


Physical and Logical Topology :19 Physical and Logical Topology


LANs, MANs, & WANs :20 LANs, MANs, & WANs One early solution was the creation of local-area network (LAN) standards which provided an open set of guidelines for creating network hardware and software, making equipment from different companies compatible. What was needed was a way for information to move efficiently and quickly, not only within a company, but also from one business to another. The solution was the creation of metropolitan-area networks (MANs) and wide-area networks (WANs).


LANs :21 LANs


WANs :22 WANs


Virtual Private Network :23 Virtual Private Network A VPN is a private network that is constructed within a public network infrastructure such as the global Internet. Using VPN, a telecommuter can access the network of the company headquarters through the Internet by building a secure tunnel between the telecommuter’s PC and a VPN router in the headquarters.


Bandwidth :24 Bandwidth


Measuring Bandwidth :25 Measuring Bandwidth


Internetworking Devices :26 Internetworking Devices


What Are The Components Of A Network ? :27 What Are The Components Of A Network ? Main Office Branch Office Home Office Mobile Users Internet


Network Structure & Hierarchy :28 Network Structure & Hierarchy Distribution Layer Core Layer Access Layer


Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802 Standards :29 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802 Standards IEEE 802.1: Standards related to network management. IEEE 802.2: General standard for the data link layer in the OSI Reference Model. The IEEE divides this layer into two sublayers -- the logical link control (LLC) layer and the media access control (MAC) layer. IEEE 802.3: Defines the MAC layer for bus networks that use CSMA/CD. This is the basis of the Ethernet standard. IEEE 802.4: Defines the MAC layer for bus networks that use a token-passing mechanism (token bus networks). IEEE 802.5: Defines the MAC layer for token-ring networks. IEEE 802.6: Standard for Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)


Slide 30:30 The OSI Model


Why do we need the OSI Model? :31 Why do we need the OSI Model? To address the problem of networks increasing in size and in number, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) researched many network schemes and recognized that there was a need to create a network model This would help network builders implement networks that could communicate and work together ISO therefore, released the OSI reference model in 1984.


Don’t Get Confused. :32 Don’t Get Confused. ISO - International Organization for Standardization OSI - Open System Interconnection IOS - Internetwork Operating System To avoid confusion, some people say “International Standard Organization.”


The OSI Reference Model :33 The OSI Reference Model 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical The OSI Model will be used throughout your entire networking career! Memorize it!


OSI Model :34 OSI Model Data Flow Layers Transport Data-Link Network Physical


Layer 7 - The Application Layer :35 Layer 7 - The Application Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical Each of the layers have Protocol Data Unit (PDU)


Layer 6 - The Presentation Layer :36 Layer 6 - The Presentation Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical


Layer 5 - The Session Layer :37 Layer 5 - The Session Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical


Half Duplex :38 Half Duplex It uses only one wire pair with a digital signal running in both directions on the wire. It also uses the CSMA/CD protocol to help prevent collisions and to permit retransmitting if a collision does occur. If a hub is attached to a switch, it must operate in half-duplex mode because the end stations must be able to detect collisions. Half-duplex Ethernet—typically 10BaseT—is only about 30 to 40 percent efficient because a large 10BaseT network will usually only give you 3 to 4Mbps—at most.


Full Duplex :39 Full Duplex In a network that uses twisted-pair cabling, one pair is used to carry the transmitted signal from one node to the other node. A separate pair is used for the return or received signal. It is possible for signals to pass through both pairs simultaneously. The capability of communication in both directions at once is known as full duplex.


Layer 4 - The Transport Layer :40 Layer 4 - The Transport Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical


Layer 3 - The Network Layer :41 Layer 3 - The Network Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical


Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer :42 Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical


Layer 1 - The Physical Layer :43 Layer 1 - The Physical Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical


Data Encapsulation :44 Data Encapsulation Transport Data-Link Physical Network Upper-Layer Data Upper-Layer Data TCP Header Data IP Header Data LLC Header 0101110101001000010 Data MAC Header Presentation Application Session Segment Packet Bits Frame PDU


Data Encapsulation :45 Data Encapsulation


OSI Model Analogy Application Layer - Source Host :46 OSI Model Analogy Application Layer - Source Host After riding your new bicycle a few times in Bangalore, you decide that you want to give it to a friend who lives in DADAR, Mumbai.


OSI Model Analogy Presentation Layer - Source Host :47 OSI Model Analogy Presentation Layer - Source Host Make sure you have the proper directions to disassemble and reassemble the bicycle.


OSI Model Analogy Session Layer - Source Host :48 OSI Model Analogy Session Layer - Source Host Call your friend and make sure you have his correct address.


OSI Model Analogy Transport Layer - Source Host :49 OSI Model Analogy Transport Layer - Source Host Disassemble the bicycle and put different pieces in different boxes. The boxes are labeled “1 of 3”, “2 of 3”, and “3 of 3”.


OSI Model Analogy Network Layer - Source Host :50 OSI Model Analogy Network Layer - Source Host Put your friend's complete mailing address (and yours) on each box.Since the packages are too big for your mailbox (and since you don’t have enough stamps) you determine that you need to go to the post office.


OSI Model Analogy Data Link Layer – Source Host :51 OSI Model Analogy Data Link Layer – Source Host Bangalore post office takes possession of the boxes.


OSI Model Analogy Physical Layer - Media :52 OSI Model Analogy Physical Layer - Media The boxes are flown from Bangalore to Mumbai.


OSI Model Analogy Data Link Layer - Destination :53 OSI Model Analogy Data Link Layer - Destination Dadar post office receives your boxes.


OSI Model Analogy Network Layer - Destination :54 OSI Model Analogy Network Layer - Destination Upon examining the destination address, Dadar post office determines that your boxes should be delivered to your written home address.


OSI Model Analogy Transport Layer - Destination :55 OSI Model Analogy Transport Layer - Destination Your friend calls you and tells you he got all 3 boxes and he is having another friend named BOB reassemble the bicycle.


OSI Model Analogy Session Layer - Destination :56 OSI Model Analogy Session Layer - Destination Your friend hangs up because he is done talking to you.


OSI Model Analogy Presentation Layer - Destination :57 OSI Model Analogy Presentation Layer - Destination BOB is finished and “presents” the bicycle to your friend. Another way to say it is that your friend is finally getting him “present”.


OSI Model Analogy Application Layer - Destination :58 OSI Model Analogy Application Layer - Destination Your friend enjoys riding his new bicycle in Dadar.


Data Flow Through a Network :59 Data Flow Through a Network


Type of Transmission :60 Type of Transmission Unicast Multicast Broadcast


Type of Transmission :61 Type of Transmission


Broadcast Domain :62 Broadcast Domain A group of devices receiving broadcast frames initiating from any device within the group Routers do not forward broadcast frames, broadcast domains are not forwarded from one broadcast to another.


Collision :63 Collision The effect of two nodes sending transmissions simultaneously in Ethernet. When they meet on the physical media, the frames from each node collide and are damaged.


Collision Domain :64 Collision Domain The network area in Ethernet over which frames that have collided will be detected. Collisions are propagated by hubs and repeaters Collisions are Not propagated by switches, routers, or bridges


Physical Layer :65 Physical Layer Defines Media type Connector type Signaling type Ethernet 802.3 V.35 Physical EIA/TIA-232 802.3 is responsible for LANs based on the carrier sense multiple access collision detect (CSMA/CD) access methodology. Ethernet is an example of a CSMA/CD network.


Physical Layer: Ethernet/802.3 :66 Physical Layer: Ethernet/802.3 Hub Hosts Host 10Base2—Thin Ethernet10Base5—Thick Ethernet 10BaseT—Twisted Pair


Device Used At Layer 1 :67 Device Used At Layer 1 Physical All devices are in the same collision domain. All devices are in the same broadcast domain. Devices share the same bandwidth.


Hubs & Collision Domains :68 Hubs & Collision Domains More end stations means more collisions. CSMA/CD is used.


Layer 2 :69 Layer 2 Data Source Address FCS Length Destination Address Variable 2 6 6 4 0000.0C xx.xxxx Vendor Assigned IEEE Assigned MAC Layer—802.3 Preamble Ethernet II uses “Type” here and does not use 802.2. MAC Address 8 Number of Bytes synchronize senders and receivers


Devices On Layer 2(Switches & Bridges) :70 Devices On Layer 2(Switches & Bridges) Each segment has its own collision domain. All segments are in the same broadcast domain. Data-Link OR 1 2 3 1 2


Switches :71 Switches Each segment is its own collision domain. Broadcasts are forwarded to all segments. Memory Switch


Layer 3 : Network Layer :72 Layer 3 : Network Layer Defines logical source and destination addresses associated with a specific protocol Defines paths through network Network IP, IPX Data-Link Physical EIA/TIA-232 V.35 Ethernet Frame Relay HDLC 802.2 802.3


Layer 3 : (cont.) :73 Layer 3 : (cont.) Data SourceAddress Destination Address IP Header 172.15.1.1 Node Network Logical Address Network Layer End-Station Packet Route determination occurs at this layer, so a packet must include a source and destination address. Network-layer addresses have two components: a network component for internetwork routing, and a node number for a device-specific address. The example in the figure is an example of an IP packet and address.


Layer 3 (cont.) :74 Layer 3 (cont.) 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100 BinaryMask BinaryAddress 172.16.122.204 255.255.0.0 172 16 122 204 255 Address Mask 255 0 0 Network Host


Device On Layer 3Router :75 Device On Layer 3Router Broadcast control Multicast control Optimal path determination Traffic management Logical addressing Connects to WAN services


Layer 4 : Transport Layer :76 Layer 4 : Transport Layer Distinguishes between upper-layer applications Establishes end-to-end connectivity between applications Defines flow control Provides reliable or unreliable services for data transfer Network IPX IP Transport SPX TCP UDP


Reliable Service :77 Reliable Service Synchronize Acknowledge, Synchronize Acknowledge Data Transfer (Send Segments) Sender Receiver Connection Established


How They Operate :78 How They Operate Hub Bridge Switch Router Collision Domains: 1 4 4 4 Broadcast Domains: 1 1 1 4


Slide 79:79 TCP/IP MODEL


Why Another Model? :80 Why Another Model? Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) created the TCP/IP reference model because it wanted a network that could survive any conditions, even a nuclear war.


TCP/IP Protocol Stack :81 TCP/IP Protocol Stack 7 6 5 4 3 2 5 4 3 2 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data-Link Physical 1 Application Transport Internet Data-Link Physical 1


Application Layer Overview :82 Application Layer Overview *Used by the Router Application Transport Internet Data-Link Physical File Transfer - TFTP* - FTP* - NFS E-Mail - SMTP Remote Login - Telnet* - rlogin* Network Management - SNMP* Name Management - DNS*


Transport Layer Overview :83 Transport Layer Overview Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Application Transport Internet Data-Link Physical Connection-OrientedConnectionless


TCP Segment Format :84 TCP Segment Format Source Port (16) Destination Port (16) Sequence Number (32) HeaderLength (4) Acknowledgment Number (32) Reserved (6) Code Bits (6) Window (16) Checksum (16) Urgent (16) Options (0 or 32 if Any) Data (Varies) 20Bytes Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31


Port Numbers :85 Port Numbers TCP Port Numbers FTP TransportLayer TELNET DNS SNMP TFTP SMTP UDP ApplicationLayer 21 23 25 53 69 161 RIP 520


TCP Port Numbers :86 TCP Port Numbers Source Port Destination Port … Host A 1028 23 … SP DP Host Z Telnet Z Destination port = 23.Send packet to my Telnet application.


TCP Port Numbers :87 TCP Port Numbers


TCP Three-Way Handshake/Open Connection :88 Send SYN (seq = 100 ctl = SYN) SYN Received Send SYN, ACK (seq = 300 ack = 101 ctl = syn,ack) Established (seq = 101 ack = 301 ctl = ack) Host A Host B SYN Received TCP Three-Way Handshake/Open Connection


Opening & Closing Connection :89 Opening & Closing Connection


Windowing :90 Windowing Windowing in networking means the quantity of data segments which is measured in bytes that a machine can transmit/send on the network without receiving an acknowledgement


TCP Simple Acknowledgment :91 Window Size = 1 Sender Receiver Send 1 Receive 1 Receive ACK 2 Send ACK 2 Send 2 Receive 2 Receive ACK 3 Send ACK 3 Send 3 Receive 3 Receive ACK 4 Send ACK 4 TCP Simple Acknowledgment


TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers :92 TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers Source Port Destination Port … Sequence Acknowledgment 1028 23 Source Dest. 11 Seq. 101 Ack. 1028 23 Source Dest. 10 Seq. 100 Ack. 1028 23 Source Dest. 11 Seq. 100 Ack. 1028 23 Source Dest. 12 Seq. 101 Ack. I just got number 11, now I need number 12. I just sent number 11.


Windowing :93 Windowing There are two window sizes—one set to 1 and one set to 3. When you’ve configured a window size of 1, the sending machine waits for an acknowledgment for each data segment it transmits before transmitting another If you’ve configured a window size of 3, it’s allowed to transmit three data segments before an acknowledgment is received.


Windowing :94 Windowing


Transport Layer Reliable Delivery :95 Transport Layer Reliable Delivery


Flow Control :96 Flow Control Another function of the transport layer is to provide optional flow control. Flow control is used to ensure that networking devices don’t send too much information to the destination, overflowing its receiving buffer space, and causing it to drop the sent information The purpose of flow control is to ensure the destination doesn't get overrun by too much information sent by the source


Flow Control :97 Flow Control SEQ 1024 SEQ 2048 SEQ 3072 A B 3072 3 Buffering Ack 3073 Win 0 CPU Busy Ack 3073 Win 3072 Window Update Sliding Windows Waiting


User Datagram Protocol (UDP) :98 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is the connectionless transport protocol in the TCP/IP protocol stack. UDP is a simple protocol that exchanges datagrams, without acknowledgments or guaranteed delivery. Error processing and retransmission must be handled by higher layer protocols. UDP is designed for applications that do not need to put sequences of segments together. The protocols that use UDP include: TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) DNS (Domain Name System)


UDP Segment Format :99 No sequence or acknowledgment fields UDP Segment Format Source Port (16) Destination Port (16) Length (16) Data (if Any) 1 Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31 Checksum (16) 8Bytes


TCP vs UDP :100 TCP vs UDP


Internet Layer Overview :101 Internet Layer Overview In the OSI reference model, the network layer corresponds to the TCP/IP Internet layer. Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) Application Transport Internet Data-Link Physical


IP Datagram :102 IP Datagram Version(4) Destination IP Address (32) Options (0 or 32 if Any) Data (Varies if Any) 1 Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31 HeaderLength (4) Priority &Type of Service (8) Total Length (16) Identification (16) Flags(3) Fragment Offset (13) Time-to-Live (8) Protocol (8) Header Checksum (16) Source IP Address (32) 20Bytes


Protocol Field :103 Determines destination upper-layer protocol Protocol Field TransportLayer InternetLayer TCP UDP ProtocolNumbers IP 17 6


Internet Control Message Protocol :104 Internet Control Message Protocol Application Transport Internet Data-Link Physical Destination Unreachable Echo (Ping) Other ICMP 1


Address Resolution Protocol :105 Address Resolution Protocol Map IP MAC Local ARP 172.16.3.1 IP: 172.16.3.2 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 172.16.3.2 IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???


Reverse ARP :106 Reverse ARP Map MAC IP Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP: 172.16.3.25 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ??? What is my IP address? I heard that broadcast. Your IP address is 172.16.3.25.


Slide 107:107 The Networking Media


Slide 108:108 Found by Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in 1975 Original designed as a 2.94 Mbps system to connect 100 computers on a 1 km cable Later, Xerox, Intel and DEC drew up a standard support 10 Mbps – Ethernet II Basis for the IEEE’s 802.3 specification Most widely used LAN technology in the world Origin of Ethernet


Slide 109:109 10 Mbps IEEE Standards - 10BaseT 10BaseT  10 Mbps, baseband, over Twisted-pair cable Running Ethernet over twisted-pair wiring as specified by IEEE 802.3 Configure in a star pattern Twisting the wires reduces EMI Fiber Optic has no EMI Unshielded twisted-pair RJ-45 Plug and Socket


Slide 110:110 Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable (UTP) most popular maximum length 100 m prone to noise Twisted Pair Cables


Slide 111:111 Baseband Transmission Entire channel is used to transmit a single digital signal Complete bandwidth of the cable is used by a single signal The transmission distance is shorter The electrical interference is lower Broadband Transmission Use analog signaling and a range of frequencies Continuous signals flow in the form of waves Support multiple analog transmission (channels) Modem Broadband Transmission Network Card Baseband Transmission Baseband VS Broadband


Straight-through cable :112 Straight-through cable


Straight-through cable pinout :113 Straight-through cable pinout


Crossover cable :114 Crossover cable


Crossover cable :115 Crossover cable


Rollover cable :116 Rollover cable


Rollover cable pinout :117 Rollover cable pinout


Straight-Thru or Crossover :118 Straight-Thru or Crossover Use straight-through cables for the following cabling: Switch to router Switch to PC or server Hub to PC or server Use crossover cables for the following cabling: Switch to switch Switch to hub Hub to hub Router to router PC to PC Router to PC


Slide 119:119 TCP/IP Math


Decimal to Binary :120 Decimal to Binary 100 = 1 101 = 10 102 = 100 103 = 1000 1 10 100 1000 172 – Base 10 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 10101100– Base 2 20 = 1 21 = 2 22 = 4 23 = 8 24 = 16 25 = 32 26 = 64 27 = 128 10101100 172 2 70 100 172 0 0 4 8 0 32 0 128 172


Base 2 Number System :121 Base 2 Number System 101102 = (1 x 24 = 16) + (0 x 23 = 0) + (1 x 22 = 4) + (1 x 21 = 2) + (0 x 20 = 0) = 22


Converting Decimal to Binary :122 Converting Decimal to Binary Convert 20110 to binary: 201 / 2 = 100 remainder 1 100 / 2 = 50 remainder 0 50 / 2 = 25 remainder 0 25 / 2 = 12 remainder 1 12 / 2 = 6 remainder 0 6 / 2 = 3 remainder 0 3 / 2 = 1 remainder 1 1 / 2 = 0 remainder 1 When the quotient is 0, take all the remainders in reverse order for your answer: 20110 = 110010012


Binary to Decimal Chart :123 Binary to Decimal Chart


Hex to Binary to Decimal Chart :124 Hex to Binary to Decimal Chart


Introduction to TCP/IP Addresses :125 Unique addressing allows communication between end stations. Path choice is based on destination address. Location is represented by an address Introduction to TCP/IP Addresses 172.18.0.2 172.18.0.1 172.17.0.2 172.17.0.1 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.1 SA DA HDR DATA 10.13.0.0 192.168.1.0 10.13.0.1 192.168.1.1


IP Addressing :126 IP Addressing 255 255 255 255 DottedDecimal Maximum Network Host 1286432168421 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100 Binary 32 Bits 172 16 122 204 ExampleDecimal ExampleBinary 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32 1286432168421 1286432168421 1286432168421


IP Address Classes :127 Class A: Class B: Class C: Class D: Multicast Class E: Research IP Address Classes 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits


IP Address Classes :128 IP Address Classes 1 Class A: Bits: 0NNNNNNN Host Host Host 8 9 16 17 24 25 32 Range (1-126) 1 Class B: Bits: 10NNNNNN Network Host Host 8 9 16 17 24 25 32 Range (128-191) 1 Class C: Bits: 110NNNNN Network Network Host 8 9 16 17 24 25 32 Range (192-223) 1 Class D: Bits: 1110MMMM Multicast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group 8 9 16 17 24 25 32 Range (224-239)


Host Addresses :129 Host Addresses 172.16.2.2 172.16.3.10 172.16.12.12 10.1.1.1 10.250.8.11 10.180.30.118 E1 172.16 12 12 Network Host . . Network Interface 172.16.0.0 10.0.0.0 E0 E1 Routing Table 172.16.2.1 10.6.24.2 E0


Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) :130 Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Basically the method that ISPs (Internet Service Providers) use to allocate an amount of addresses to a company, a home Ex : 192.168.10.32/28 The slash notation (/) means how many bits are turned on (1s)


CIDR Values :131 CIDR Values


Determining Available Host Addresses :132 11111111 Determining Available Host Addresses 172 16 0 0 10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000 16151413121110 9 87654321 Network Host 00000000 00000001 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111110 ... ... 00000000 00000011 11111101 1 2 3 65534 65535 65536 – ... 2 65534 N 2N – 2 = 216 – 2 = 65534


IP Address Classes Exercise :133 IP Address Classes Exercise Address Class Network Host 10.2.1.1 128.63.2.100 201.222.5.64 192.6.141.2 130.113.64.16 256.241.201.10


IP Address Classes Exercise Answers :134 IP Address Classes Exercise Answers Address Class Network Host 10.2.1.1 128.63.2.100 201.222.5.64 192.6.141.2 130.113.64.16 256.241.201.10 A B C C B Nonexistent 10.0.0.0 128.63.0.0 201.222.5.0 192.6.141.0 130.113.0.0 0.2.1.1 0.0.2.100 0.0.0.64 0.0.0.2 0.0.64.16


Subnetting :135 Subnetting Subnetting is logically dividing the network by extending the 1’s used in SNM Advantage Can divide network in smaller parts Restrict Broadcast traffic Security Simplified Administration


Formula :136 Formula Number of subnets – 2x-2 Where X = number of bits borrowed Number of Hosts – 2y-2 Where y = number of 0’s Block Size = Total number of Address Block Size = 256-Mask


Subnetting :137 Subnetting Classful IP Addressing SNM are a set of 255’s and 0’s. In Binary it’s contiguous 1’s and 0’s. SNM cannot be any value as it won’t follow the rule of contiguous 1’s and 0’s. Possible subnet mask values 0 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255


Addressing Without Subnets :138 Network 172.16.0.0 172.16.0.0 Addressing Without Subnets 172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.3 …... 172.16.255.253 172.16.255.254


Addressing with Subnets :139 Network 172.16.0.0 Addressing with Subnets 172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0 172.16.3.0 172.16.4.0


Subnet Addressing :140 Subnet Addressing 172.16.2.200 172.16.2.2 172.16.2.160 172.16.2.1 172.16.3.5 172.16.3.100 172.16.3.150 E0 172.16 Network Network Interface 172.16.0.0 172.16.0.0 E0 E1 New Routing Table 2 160 Host . . 172.16.3.1 E1


Subnet Addressing :141 Subnet Addressing 172.16.2.200 172.16.2.2 172.16.2.160 172.16.2.1 172.16.3.5 172.16.3.100 172.16.3.150 172.16.3.1 E0 E1 172.16 2 160 Network Host . . Network Interface 172.16.2.0 172.16.3.0 E0 E1 New Routing Table Subnet


Subnet Mask :142 Subnet Mask 255 255 0 0 IPAddress DefaultSubnetMask 8-BitSubnetMask Network Host Network Host Network Subnet Host Also written as “/16,” where 16 represents the number of 1s in the mask Also written as “/24,” where 24 represents the number of 1s in the mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000


Decimal Equivalents of Bit Patterns :143 Decimal Equivalents of Bit Patterns 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1


Subnet Mask Without Subnets :144 16 Network Host 172 0 0 10101100 11111111 10101100 00010000 11111111 00010000 00000000 00000000 10100000 00000000 00000000 Subnets not in use—the default 00000010 Subnet Mask Without Subnets 172.16.2.160 255.255.0.0 NetworkNumber


Subnet Mask with Subnets :145 Network number extended by eight bits Subnet Mask with Subnets 16 Network Host 172.16.2.160 255.255.255.0 172 2 0 10101100 11111111 10101100 00010000 11111111 00010000 11111111 00000010 10100000 00000000 00000000 00000010 Subnet NetworkNumber 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255


Subnet Mask with Subnets (cont.) :146 Subnet Mask with Subnets (cont.) Network Host 172.16.2.160 255.255.255.192 10101100 11111111 10101100 00010000 11111111 00010000 11111111 00000010 10100000 11000000 10000000 00000010 Subnet Network number extended by ten bits 16 172 2 128 NetworkNumber 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255


Subnet Mask Exercise :147 Subnet Mask Exercise Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet 172.16.2.10 10.6.24.20 10.30.36.12 255.255.255.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.255.0


Subnet Mask Exercise Answers :148 Subnet Mask Exercise Answers Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet 172.16.2.10 10.6.24.20 10.30.36.12 255.255.255.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.255.0 B A A 172.16.2.0 10.6.16.0 10.30.36.0


Broadcast Addresses :149 Broadcast Addresses 172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0 172.16.3.0 172.16.4.0 172.16.3.255 (Directed Broadcast) 255.255.255.255 (Local Network Broadcast) X 172.16.255.255 (All Subnets Broadcast)


Addressing Summary Example :150 Addressing Summary Example 10101100 11111111 10101100 00010000 11111111 00010000 11111111 00000010 10100000 11000000 10000000 00000010 10101100 00010000 00000010 10111111 10101100 00010000 00000010 10000001 10101100 00010000 00000010 10111110 Host Mask Subnet Broadcast Last First 172.16.2.160 255.255.255.192 172.16.2.128 172.16.2.191 172.16.2.129 172.16.2.190 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 16 172 2 160


Class B Subnet Example :151 IP Host Address: 172.16.2.121 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 Subnet Address = 172.16.2.0 Host Addresses = 172.16.2.1–172.16.2.254 Broadcast Address = 172.16.2.255 Eight Bits of Subnetting Network Subnet Host 10101100 00010000 00000010 11111111 172.16.2.121: 255.255.255.0: 10101100 11111111 Subnet: 10101100 00010000 00010000 11111111 00000010 00000010 11111111 01111001 00000000 00000000 Class B Subnet Example Broadcast: Network


Subnet Planning :152 Subnet Planning Other Subnets 192.168.5.16 192.168.5.32 192.168.5.48 20 Subnets 5 Hosts per Subnet Class C Address: 192.168.5.0


Class C Subnet Planning Example :153 11111000 IP Host Address: 192.168.5.121 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.248 Network Subnet Host 192.168.5.121: 11000000 11111111 Subnet: 11000000 10101000 10101000 11111111 00000101 00000101 11111111 01111001 01111000 255.255.255.248: Class C Subnet Planning Example Subnet Address = 192.168.5.120 Host Addresses = 192.168.5.121–192.168.5.126 Broadcast Address = 192.168.5.127 Five Bits of Subnetting Broadcast: Network Network 11000000 10101000 00000101 01111111


Exercise :154 Exercise 192.168.10.0 /27 ? – SNM ? – Block Size ?- Subnets


Exercise :155 Exercise /27 ? – SNM – 224 ? – Block Size = 256-224 = 32 ?- Subnets


Exercise :156 Exercise 192.168.10.0 /30 ? – SNM ? – Block Size ?- Subnets


Exercise :157 Exercise /30 ? – SNM – 252 ? – Block Size = 256-252 = 4 ?- Subnets


Exercise :158 Exercise


Exercise :159 Exercise


Exam Question :160 Exam Question Find Subnet and Broadcast address 192.168.0.100/27


Exercise :161 Exercise 192.168.10.54 /29 Mask ? Subnet ? Broadcast ?


Exercise :162 Exercise 192.168.10.130 /28 Mask ? Subnet ? Broadcast ?


Exercise :163 Exercise 192.168.10.193 /30 Mask ? Subnet ? Broadcast ?


Exercise :164 Exercise 192.168.1.100 /26 Mask ? Subnet ? Broadcast ?


Exercise :165 Exercise 192.168.20.158 /27 Mask ? Subnet ? Broadcast ?


Class B :166 Class B 172.16.0.0 /19 Subnets ? Hosts ? Block Size ?


Class B :167 Class B 172.16.0.0 /19 Subnets 23 -2 = 6 Hosts 213 -2 = 8190 Block Size 256-224 = 32


Class B :168 Class B 172.16.0.0 /27 Subnets ? Hosts ? Block Size ?


Class B :169 Class B 172.16.0.0 /27 Subnets 211 -2 = 2046 Hosts 25 -2 = 30 Block Size 256-224 = 32


Class B :170 Class B 172.16.0.0 /23 Subnets ? Hosts ? Block Size ?


Class B :171 Class B 172.16.0.0 /23 Subnets 27 -2 = 126 Hosts 29 -2 = 510 Block Size 256-254 = 2


Class B :172 Class B 172.16.0.0 /24 Subnets ? Hosts ? Block Size ?


Class B :173 Class B 172.16.0.0 /24 Subnets 28 -2 = 254 Hosts 28 -2 = 254 Block Size 256-255 = 1


Class B :174 Class B 172.16.0.0 /25 Subnets ? Hosts ? Block Size ?


Class B :175 Class B 172.16.0.0 /25 Subnets 29 -2 = 510 Hosts 27 -2 = 126 Block Size 256-128 = 128


Find out Subnet and Broadcast Address :176 Find out Subnet and Broadcast Address 172.16.85.30/20


Find out Subnet and Broadcast Address :177 Find out Subnet and Broadcast Address 172.16.85.30/29


Find out Subnet and Broadcast Address :178 Find out Subnet and Broadcast Address 172.30.101.62/23


Find out Subnet and Broadcast Address :179 Find out Subnet and Broadcast Address 172.20.210.80/24


Exercise :180 Exercise Find out the mask which gives 100 subnets for class B


Exercise :181 Exercise Find out the Mask which gives 100 hosts for Class B


Class A :182 Class A 10.0.0.0 /10 Subnets ? Hosts ? Block Size ?


Class A :183 Class A 10.0.0.0 /10 Subnets 22 -2 = 2 Hosts 222 -2 = 4194302 Block Size 256-192 = 64


Class A :184 Class A 10.0.0.0 /18 Subnets ? Hosts ? Block Size ?


Class A :185 Class A 10.0.0.0 /18 Subnets 210 -2 = 1022 Hosts 214 -2 = 16382 Block Size 256-192 = 64


Broadcast Addresses Exercise :186 Broadcast Addresses Exercise Address Class Subnet Broadcast 201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 Subnet Mask 15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252 153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128


Broadcast Addresses Exercise Answers :187 Broadcast Addresses Exercise Answers 153.50.6.127 Address Class Subnet Broadcast 201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63 201.222.10.56 Subnet Mask 15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A 15.16.199.255 15.16.192.0 128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252 B 128.16.32.15 128.16.32.12 153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128 B 153.50.6.0


VLSM :188 VLSM VLSM is a method of designating a different subnet mask for the same network number on different subnets Can use a long mask on networks with few hosts and a shorter mask on subnets with many hosts With VLSMs we can have different subnet masks for different subnets.


Variable Length Subnetting :189 Variable Length Subnetting VLSM allows us to use one class C address to design a networking scheme to meet the following requirements: Bangalore 60 Hosts Mumbai 28 Hosts Sydney 12 Hosts Singapore 12 Hosts WAN 1 2 Hosts WAN 2 2 Hosts WAN 3 2 Hosts


Slide 190:190 Networking Requirements Bangalore 60 Mumbai 60 Sydney 60 Singapore 60 WAN 1 WAN 2 WAN 3 In the example above, a /26 was used to provide the 60 addresses for Bangalore and the other LANs. There are no addresses left for WAN links


Slide 191:191 Networking Scheme Mumbai 192.168.10.64/27 Bangalore 192.168.10.0/26 Sydney 192.168.10.96/28 Singapore 192.168.10.112/28 WAN 192.168.10.129 and 130 WAN 192.198.10.133 and 134 WAN 192.198.10.137 and 138 60 12 12 28 2 2 2 192.168.10.128/30 192.168.10.136/30 192.168.10.132/30


VLSM Exercise :192 VLSM Exercise 2 2 2 40 25 12 192.168.1.0


VLSM Exercise :193 VLSM Exercise 2 2 2 40 25 12 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.4/30 192.168.1.8/30 192.168.1.12/30 192.168.1.16/28 192.168.1.32/27 192.168.1.64/26


VLSM Exercise :194 VLSM Exercise 2 2 8 15 5 192.168.1.0 2 2 35


Summarization :195 Summarization Summarization, also called route aggregation, allows routing protocols to advertise many networks as one address. The purpose of this is to reduce the size of routing tables on routers to save memory Route summarization (also called route aggregation or supernetting) can reduce the number of routes that a router must maintain Route summarization is possible only when a proper addressing plan is in place Route summarization is most effective within a subnetted environment when the network addresses are in contiguous blocks


Summarization :196 Summarization


Supernetting :197 Supernetting Network Subnet 172.16.12.0 11000000 11111111 10101000 11111111 00001100 11111111 255.255.255.0 Network Network 00000000 00000000 16 8 4 2 1 172.16.13.0 11000000 10101000 00001101 00000000 172.16.14.0 11000000 10101000 00001110 00000000 172.16.15.0 11000000 10101000 00001111 00000000


Supernetting :198 Supernetting Network Subnet 172.16.12.0 11000000 11111111 10101000 11111111 00001100 11111100 255.255.252.0 Network Network 00000000 00000000 16 8 4 2 1 172.16.13.0 11000000 10101000 00001101 00000000 172.16.14.0 11000000 10101000 00001110 00000000 172.16.15.0 11000000 10101000 00001111 00000000 172.16.12.0/24 172.16.13.0/24 172.16.14.0/24 172.16.15.0/24 172.16.12.0/22


Supernetting Question :199 Supernetting Question R1 R2 172.1.7.0/24 172.1.6.0/24 172.1.5.0/24 172.1.4.128/25 172.1.4.128/25 What is the most efficient summarization that TK1 can use to advertise its networks to TK2? A. 172.1.4.0/24172.1.5.0/24172.1.6.0/24172.1.7.0/24 B. 172.1.0.0/22 C. 172.1.4.0/25172.1.4.128/25172.1.5.0/24172.1.6.0/24172.1.7.0/24 D. 172.1.0.0/21 E. 172.1.4.0/22