logging in or signing up mm man147 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 315 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: September 30, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 2 Presentation Description none Comments Posting comment... By: drprashantkachale (39 month(s) ago) i like your ppt? i m having general seminar on fluid & elecrolyte imbalance? can i get this ppt? my email id is drprashantkachale@gmail.com. thank you Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... 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Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Dynamics : Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Dynamics Human Anatomy and Physiology II Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson Concentration of Solutions : Concentration of Solutions Percent Salt 0.9% NaCl Milliosmoles 300 milliosmoles/Liter Milliequivalents 325 milliequivalents/Liter Osmosis : Osmosis Osmosis : Osmosis Hypertonic Solution : Hypertonic Solution 3% NaCl Cells Crenate in a Hypertonic Solution : Cells Crenate in a Hypertonic Solution Hypotonic Solution : Hypotonic Solution 0.5% NaCl Cells in a Hypotonic Solution Swell and May Lyse : Cells in a Hypotonic Solution Swell and May Lyse Isotonic Solution : Isotonic Solution 0.9% NaCl Which Way Will Fluid Move? : Which Way Will Fluid Move? Application Problem 1 : Application Problem 1 Michael has recently started working outdoors in the hot weather to earn money for his tuition. After a few days he experienced headaches, low blood pressure and a rapid heart rate. His blood sodium was down to 125 meq/L. The normal is 144 meq/L. How do you explain this? Answer to Problem 1 : Answer to Problem 1 Michael lost sodium by perspiration. The low sodium in his blood allowed fluid to move into cells by osmosis. Lack of fluid lowered his blood pressure to give him a headache. The increased heart rate was his bodies way of trying to increase blood pressure. Application Problem 2 : Application Problem 2 Frank has hypertension. His doctor has advised Frank eat a low salt diet. Frank consumed a lot of salt the day before his last checkup. His blood pressure was up. Why? Answer to Problem 2 : Answer to Problem 2 The extra salt Frank ate made his blood hypertonic. Hypertonic blood will attract fluids from body cells by osmosis. Electrolyte vrs. Nonelectrolyte : Electrolyte vrs. Nonelectrolyte NaCl Na+ + Cl- Glucose Glucose Aldosterone : Aldosterone Hormone secreted from the adrenal cortex Stimulates kidneys Retain sodium Retain water Secrete potassium Estrogen : Estrogen Female hormone from the ovaries Similar to aldosterone Stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium Increases fluid retention Cortisol : Cortisol Hormone from the adrenal cortex Converts lipids and protein to glucose Depress inflammation Stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium Increases fluid retention Elevated levels cause edema Antidiuretic HormoneADH : Antidiuretic HormoneADH Hypertonic Interstitial Fluid Collecting Duct Urine Calcitonin : Calcitonin Calcium Estrogen : Estrogen Calcium Parathormone : Parathormone Calcium Blood pH = 7.4(7.35-7.45) : Blood pH = 7.4(7.35-7.45) Blood pH regulated by 1. Kidneys 2. Lungs 3. Buffers in blood H+ Secreted HCO3- Rebsorbed : H+ Secreted HCO3- Rebsorbed Blood Kidney Nephron HCO3- H+ Urine Kidneys Regulate pH : Kidneys Regulate pH Excreting excess hydrogen ions, retain bicarbonate if pH is too low Retaining hydrogen ions, excrete bicarbonate if pH is too high Lungs Regulate pH : Lungs Regulate pH Breath faster to get rid of excess carbon dioxide if pH is too low Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid in the blood Breath slower to retain carbon dioxide if pH is too high Carbon Dioxide and Acid : Carbon Dioxide and Acid CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- More Carbon Dioxide = More Acid = Lower pH : More Carbon Dioxide = More Acid = Lower pH Breathing slower will retain CO2 , pH will decrease (more acid) Breathing faster will eliminate more CO2 pH will increase (less acid) Blood pH Drops to 7.3How does the body compensate? : Blood pH Drops to 7.3How does the body compensate? Breath faster to get rid of carbon dioxide eliminates acid Blood pH Increases to 7.45How does the body compensate? : Blood pH Increases to 7.45How does the body compensate? Breath slower to retain more carbon dioxide retains more acid John is Taking Narcotics for PainThe narcotics have depressed his breathing rate. What will happen to his blood pH? : John is Taking Narcotics for PainThe narcotics have depressed his breathing rate. What will happen to his blood pH? pH will decrease because he will retain excess carbon dioxide which will increase the amount of acid in the blood Buffers Regulate pH : Buffers Regulate pH Chemicals that resist changes in pH Prevent large pH changes when an acid or base is added Strong Acid : Strong Acid Acid that releases many hydrogen ions HCl Weak Acid : Weak Acid Acid that releases only a few hydrogen ions Carbonic Acid Buffers Change Strong Acids to Weak Acids : Buffers Change Strong Acids to Weak Acids Bicarbonate: Carbonic Acid : Bicarbonate: Carbonic Acid 20:1 = pH 7.4 21:1 = pH more than 7.4 19:1 = pH less than 7.4 Acidosis : Acidosis pH below 7.35 Depresses the nervous system coma Alkalosis : Alkalosis pH above 7.45 Overexcites the nervous system convulsions Respiratory Acidosis : Respiratory Acidosis Any condition that impairs breathing Carbon dioxide increases in blood Excess carbon dioxide lowers pH Respiratory Alkalosis : Respiratory Alkalosis Hyperventilation Carbon dioxide decreases in blood Low carbon dioxide raises pH Metabolic Acidosis : Metabolic Acidosis Not caused by breathing or carbon dioxide imbalance Excess acid in blood Renal disease, Diabetes or Starvation Deficiency of bicarbonate in blood Diarrhea Metabolic Alkalosis : Metabolic Alkalosis Not caused by breathing or carbon dioxide imbalance Deficiency of acid in the blood Vomiting, Diuretics Excess bicarbonate in the blood Ingesting sodium bicarbonate Sodium : Sodium Attracts water into the ECF Nerve impulse Muscle contractions Hypernatremia : Hypernatremia Excess sodium in the blood Hypertension Muscle twitching Mental confusion Coma Hyponatremia : Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood Hypotension tachycardia Muscle weakness Potassium : Potassium Attracts water into the ICF Nerve impulse Muscle contractions Hyperkalemia : Hyperkalemia Excess potassium in the blood Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest Elevated T wave Muscle weakness Hypokalemia : Hypokalemia Deficiency of potassium in the blood Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest Flatened T wave Muscle weakness Calcium : Calcium Most in bones and teeth Blood clotting Nerve impulse Muscle contraction Hypercalcemia : Hypercalcemia Excess calcium in the blood Kidney stones Bone pain Cardiac arrhythmias Hypocalcemia : Hypocalcemia Deficiency of calcium in the blood Tetany Weak heart muscle Increased clotting time Aldosteronism : Aldosteronism Excess production of aldosterone Elevated sodium levels Depressed potassium levels Hypertension Addison’s Disease : Addison’s Disease Hyposecretion of the Adrenal Cortex Hyposecretion of Aldosterone Hyposecretion of Glucocorticoids Hormones that convert protein sugar Hypotension Sodium deficiency Low blood sugar Not enough glucocorticoids Cushing’s Syndrome : Cushing’s Syndrome Excess glucocorticoids Tumor of adrenal gland Side effect of steroid drugs cortisone Hyperglycemia Fat accumulation Abdomen Back of neck (buffalo hump) Insulin : Insulin Glucose Cell Blood Diabetes Mellites : Diabetes Mellites Hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin Hyperglycemia Glycosurea Polyurea Thirst Body burns more fat Ketone bodies Metabolic Acidosis Fat deposits in arteries Heart Attack, Stroke, Poor Circulation Antidiuretic HormoneADH : Antidiuretic HormoneADH Hypertonic Interstitial Fluid Collecting Duct Urine Diabetes Insipidus : Diabetes Insipidus Hyposecretion of ADH Increased urine volume THE END : THE END You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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mm man147 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 315 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: September 30, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 2 Presentation Description none Comments Posting comment... By: drprashantkachale (39 month(s) ago) i like your ppt? i m having general seminar on fluid & elecrolyte imbalance? can i get this ppt? my email id is drprashantkachale@gmail.com. thank you Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: gaoxing (40 month(s) ago) hi, i like your presentation, can i have a copy of your presentation? this is my email add: jessamay52@yahoo.com...... thanx Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: ParamedicRN (41 month(s) ago) Hello, I'm teaching a basic IV class and need power points on fluid and electrolytes that would be enjoyable and easy to understand. Can you please email me a copy of this powerpoint to delliott44@cfl.rr.com. Thank you Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: sydalg_is_me (43 month(s) ago) wow! excellent presentation! can i have a copy of that sent to my email? (sydalg_is_me@yahoo.com) so i may share it with my students.. thanks! Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Dynamics : Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Dynamics Human Anatomy and Physiology II Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson Concentration of Solutions : Concentration of Solutions Percent Salt 0.9% NaCl Milliosmoles 300 milliosmoles/Liter Milliequivalents 325 milliequivalents/Liter Osmosis : Osmosis Osmosis : Osmosis Hypertonic Solution : Hypertonic Solution 3% NaCl Cells Crenate in a Hypertonic Solution : Cells Crenate in a Hypertonic Solution Hypotonic Solution : Hypotonic Solution 0.5% NaCl Cells in a Hypotonic Solution Swell and May Lyse : Cells in a Hypotonic Solution Swell and May Lyse Isotonic Solution : Isotonic Solution 0.9% NaCl Which Way Will Fluid Move? : Which Way Will Fluid Move? Application Problem 1 : Application Problem 1 Michael has recently started working outdoors in the hot weather to earn money for his tuition. After a few days he experienced headaches, low blood pressure and a rapid heart rate. His blood sodium was down to 125 meq/L. The normal is 144 meq/L. How do you explain this? Answer to Problem 1 : Answer to Problem 1 Michael lost sodium by perspiration. The low sodium in his blood allowed fluid to move into cells by osmosis. Lack of fluid lowered his blood pressure to give him a headache. The increased heart rate was his bodies way of trying to increase blood pressure. Application Problem 2 : Application Problem 2 Frank has hypertension. His doctor has advised Frank eat a low salt diet. Frank consumed a lot of salt the day before his last checkup. His blood pressure was up. Why? Answer to Problem 2 : Answer to Problem 2 The extra salt Frank ate made his blood hypertonic. Hypertonic blood will attract fluids from body cells by osmosis. Electrolyte vrs. Nonelectrolyte : Electrolyte vrs. Nonelectrolyte NaCl Na+ + Cl- Glucose Glucose Aldosterone : Aldosterone Hormone secreted from the adrenal cortex Stimulates kidneys Retain sodium Retain water Secrete potassium Estrogen : Estrogen Female hormone from the ovaries Similar to aldosterone Stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium Increases fluid retention Cortisol : Cortisol Hormone from the adrenal cortex Converts lipids and protein to glucose Depress inflammation Stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium Increases fluid retention Elevated levels cause edema Antidiuretic HormoneADH : Antidiuretic HormoneADH Hypertonic Interstitial Fluid Collecting Duct Urine Calcitonin : Calcitonin Calcium Estrogen : Estrogen Calcium Parathormone : Parathormone Calcium Blood pH = 7.4(7.35-7.45) : Blood pH = 7.4(7.35-7.45) Blood pH regulated by 1. Kidneys 2. Lungs 3. Buffers in blood H+ Secreted HCO3- Rebsorbed : H+ Secreted HCO3- Rebsorbed Blood Kidney Nephron HCO3- H+ Urine Kidneys Regulate pH : Kidneys Regulate pH Excreting excess hydrogen ions, retain bicarbonate if pH is too low Retaining hydrogen ions, excrete bicarbonate if pH is too high Lungs Regulate pH : Lungs Regulate pH Breath faster to get rid of excess carbon dioxide if pH is too low Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid in the blood Breath slower to retain carbon dioxide if pH is too high Carbon Dioxide and Acid : Carbon Dioxide and Acid CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- More Carbon Dioxide = More Acid = Lower pH : More Carbon Dioxide = More Acid = Lower pH Breathing slower will retain CO2 , pH will decrease (more acid) Breathing faster will eliminate more CO2 pH will increase (less acid) Blood pH Drops to 7.3How does the body compensate? : Blood pH Drops to 7.3How does the body compensate? Breath faster to get rid of carbon dioxide eliminates acid Blood pH Increases to 7.45How does the body compensate? : Blood pH Increases to 7.45How does the body compensate? Breath slower to retain more carbon dioxide retains more acid John is Taking Narcotics for PainThe narcotics have depressed his breathing rate. What will happen to his blood pH? : John is Taking Narcotics for PainThe narcotics have depressed his breathing rate. What will happen to his blood pH? pH will decrease because he will retain excess carbon dioxide which will increase the amount of acid in the blood Buffers Regulate pH : Buffers Regulate pH Chemicals that resist changes in pH Prevent large pH changes when an acid or base is added Strong Acid : Strong Acid Acid that releases many hydrogen ions HCl Weak Acid : Weak Acid Acid that releases only a few hydrogen ions Carbonic Acid Buffers Change Strong Acids to Weak Acids : Buffers Change Strong Acids to Weak Acids Bicarbonate: Carbonic Acid : Bicarbonate: Carbonic Acid 20:1 = pH 7.4 21:1 = pH more than 7.4 19:1 = pH less than 7.4 Acidosis : Acidosis pH below 7.35 Depresses the nervous system coma Alkalosis : Alkalosis pH above 7.45 Overexcites the nervous system convulsions Respiratory Acidosis : Respiratory Acidosis Any condition that impairs breathing Carbon dioxide increases in blood Excess carbon dioxide lowers pH Respiratory Alkalosis : Respiratory Alkalosis Hyperventilation Carbon dioxide decreases in blood Low carbon dioxide raises pH Metabolic Acidosis : Metabolic Acidosis Not caused by breathing or carbon dioxide imbalance Excess acid in blood Renal disease, Diabetes or Starvation Deficiency of bicarbonate in blood Diarrhea Metabolic Alkalosis : Metabolic Alkalosis Not caused by breathing or carbon dioxide imbalance Deficiency of acid in the blood Vomiting, Diuretics Excess bicarbonate in the blood Ingesting sodium bicarbonate Sodium : Sodium Attracts water into the ECF Nerve impulse Muscle contractions Hypernatremia : Hypernatremia Excess sodium in the blood Hypertension Muscle twitching Mental confusion Coma Hyponatremia : Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood Hypotension tachycardia Muscle weakness Potassium : Potassium Attracts water into the ICF Nerve impulse Muscle contractions Hyperkalemia : Hyperkalemia Excess potassium in the blood Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest Elevated T wave Muscle weakness Hypokalemia : Hypokalemia Deficiency of potassium in the blood Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest Flatened T wave Muscle weakness Calcium : Calcium Most in bones and teeth Blood clotting Nerve impulse Muscle contraction Hypercalcemia : Hypercalcemia Excess calcium in the blood Kidney stones Bone pain Cardiac arrhythmias Hypocalcemia : Hypocalcemia Deficiency of calcium in the blood Tetany Weak heart muscle Increased clotting time Aldosteronism : Aldosteronism Excess production of aldosterone Elevated sodium levels Depressed potassium levels Hypertension Addison’s Disease : Addison’s Disease Hyposecretion of the Adrenal Cortex Hyposecretion of Aldosterone Hyposecretion of Glucocorticoids Hormones that convert protein sugar Hypotension Sodium deficiency Low blood sugar Not enough glucocorticoids Cushing’s Syndrome : Cushing’s Syndrome Excess glucocorticoids Tumor of adrenal gland Side effect of steroid drugs cortisone Hyperglycemia Fat accumulation Abdomen Back of neck (buffalo hump) Insulin : Insulin Glucose Cell Blood Diabetes Mellites : Diabetes Mellites Hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin Hyperglycemia Glycosurea Polyurea Thirst Body burns more fat Ketone bodies Metabolic Acidosis Fat deposits in arteries Heart Attack, Stroke, Poor Circulation Antidiuretic HormoneADH : Antidiuretic HormoneADH Hypertonic Interstitial Fluid Collecting Duct Urine Diabetes Insipidus : Diabetes Insipidus Hyposecretion of ADH Increased urine volume THE END : THE END