implications of human population growth

IMPLICATIONS OF HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH: 

IMPLICATIONS OF HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH PRESENTED BY Arvinder Kaur Roll No. 2002 MBA Ist Semester

POPULATION GROWTH : 

POPULATION GROWTH TRENDS, PROJECTIONS, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES INTRODUCTION Human beings evolved under conditions of high mortality due to famines, accidents, illnesses, infections and war and therefore the relatively high fertility rates were essential for species survival.

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DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION Demographers refer to these changes from stable population with high fertility and mortality to a new stability in population due to low fertility and mortality patterns as demographic transition.

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GLOBAL POPULATION SCENARIO In 1901 the world population was 1.6 billion. By 1960, it became 3 billion, and by 1987, 5 billion and in 1999, 6 billion. Currently, one billion people are added every 12 - 13 years.

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Changing age structure of the population : During demographic transition along with the growth in number there are changes in the population age structure. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION IN INDIA

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In spite of the uniform national norms set under the 100% Centrally Funded and Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) of Family Welfare , there are substantial differences in the performance between States as assessed by IMR and CBR. The experience of states with district based planning, implementation and the impact are being closely monitored.

CONSEQUENCES OF POPULATION GROWTH : 

CONSEQUENCES OF POPULATION GROWTH ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES The already densely populated developing countries contribute to over 95% of the population growth and rapid population growth could lead to environmental deterioration.

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Some of the major ecological adverse effects reported in India include: severe pressure on the forests due to both the rate of resource use and the nature of use. conversion of habitat to some other land Tropical deforestation and destruction of mangroves Intense grazing by domestic livestock Poaching and illegal harvesting of wildlife. Increase in agricultural area, high use of chemical fertilizers pesticides and weedicides; water stagnation, soil erosion, soil salinity and low productivity. High level of biomass burning causing large-scale indoor pollution. Encroachment on habitat for rail and road construction. Degradation of coastal and other aquatic ecosystems. Over fishing in water bodies. Diversion of water for domestic, industrial and agricultural uses. Increasing water requirement leading to tapping deeper aquifers. Disturbance from increased recreational activity and tourism causing pollution.

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URBANIZATION The proportion of people in developing countries who live in cities has almost doubled since 1960 (from less than 22 per cent to more than 40 per cent)

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RURAL POPULATION AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT Over seventy per cent of India’s population still lives in rural areas. There are substantial differences between the states in the proportion of rural and urban population (varying from almost 90 per cent in Assam and Bihar to 61 per cent in Maharashtra) Water Supply In many parts of developed and developing world, water demand substantially exceeds sustainable water supply

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Food security: Technological innovations in agriculture and increase in area under cultivation have ensured that so far, food production has kept pace with the population growth.

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NUTRITION At the time of independence the country faced two major nutritional problems; one was the threat of famine and acute starvation The other was chronic energy deficiency due to poverty, low-literacy, poor access to safe-drinking water, sanitation and health care The country adopted multi-sect oral, multi-pronged strategy to combat the major nutritional problems and to improve nutritional status of the population.

POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR INDIA AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS : 

POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR INDIA AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS

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INTERSTATE DIFFERENCES The projected values for the total population in different regions are shown in Figure 11 . There are marked differences between States in size of the population and population growth rates

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the States' ability to utilise the available funds; improve quality & coverage of services and facilities, increase efficiency and improve performance community awareness and ability to utilize the available services.

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MIGRATION The available data from census shows that until 1991 both internal and international migration has been negligible. The Technical Group while computing the population projection upto 2016 LABOUR, EMPLOYMENT AND MANPOWER Population, which is engaged in any economic activity (employed persons) and population seeking work (unemployed) constitute Labour Force.

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SEX RATIO The reported decline in the sex ratio during the current century has been a cause for concern

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INCREASING LONGEVITY The projected populations of India in the three major age groups (less than 15, 15-59, 60 years or above)

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HEALTH IMPLICATION OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION It was earlier assumed that population growth during demographic transition will lead to overcrowding, poverty, undernutrition, environmental deterioration, poor quality of life and increase in disease burden.

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POPULATION PROJECTIONS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FW PROGRAMME There will be a marginal decline in the population less than 15 years of age (352.7 million to 350.4 million).

CASE STUDY : 

CASE STUDY India, the second most populous country in the world, has no more than 2.5% of global land but is the home of 1/6th of the world's population. Basic premises of the Family Welfare Program are: Acceptance of FW services is voluntary, FW program will provide: Integrated Maternal and Child Health (MCH) & FP services Effective IEC to improve awareness Ensure easy and convenient access to FW services free of cost

Progress Under The Programme : 

Progress Under The Programme Contraception: Over the last four decades there has been substantial improvement in the availability and utilization of the and access to FW services and a progressive increase in the acceptance of contraception and couple protection rates

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Over the last two decades there has been a steep fall in number of vasectomies

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Maternal and child health Reduction in the infant and child mortality indices Inter -State/ intra-State differences in Fertility and Mortality The Family Welfare Programme, therefore, has been re-oriented to : remove or minimise the inter and intra-state differences, undertake realistic PHC based decentralised area-specific microplanning tailored to meet the local needs and involve Panchayati Raj institutions in microplanning and monitoring at local level to effective implementation of the programme and ensuring effective community participation.

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Lessons learnt during implementation of Family Welfare Programme : Governmental network provides most of the MCH and contraceptive care Adequate functional health infrastructure is an essential prerequisites for the success of the programme Providing efficient and effective integrated MCH and contraceptive care helps in building up rapport with the families IEC activities are powerful tools for promoting the small family norm; The population is conservative but responsible, responsive and mature; their response is slow but rational and sustained.

Approach to FW Programme during the Ninth Plan Reduction in Population growth is one of the major objectives in the Ninth Plan . : 

Approach to FW Programme during the Ninth Plan Reduction in Population growth is one of the major objectives in the Ninth Plan . The current high population growth rate is due to : the large size of the population in the reproductive age-group (estimated contribution 60%); higher fertility due to unmet need for contraception (estimated contribution 20%); and high wanted fertility due to prevailing high IMR (estimated contribution about 20%). Rapid reduction in the population growth rate can be achieved by: meeting all the felt-needs for contraception; and reducing the infant and maternal morbidity and mortality so that there is a reduction in the desired level of fertility .

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The Ninth Plan strategies for achieving these objectives are : To assess the needs for reproductive and child health at PHC level and undertake area- specific micro planning; and To provide need-based, demand-driven high quality, integrated reproductive and child health care. Efforts of the Family Welfare Programme are being directed towards: Bridging the gaps in essential infrastructure and manpower through a flexible approach and improving operational efficiency through investment in social, behavioral and operational research Providing additional assistance to poorly performing districts identified on the basis of the 1991 census to fill existing gaps in infrastructure and manpower. Ensuring uninterrupted supply of essential drugs, vaccines and contraceptives, adequate in quantity and appropriate in quality Promoting male participation in the Planned Parenthood movement and increasing the level of acceptance of vasectomy.

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Under the RCH Programme the focus is on enhancing the quality and coverage of family welfare services through: Increasing participation of general medical practitioners working in voluntary, private, joint sectors and the active cooperation of practitioners of ISM&H; Involvement of the Panchayati Raj Institutions for ensuring inter-sectoral coordination and community participation Involvement of the industries, organised and unorganised sectors, agriculture workers and labour representatives. Goals to be achieved The performance under the Family Welfare Programme will depend upon : Programme initiatives during the Ninth Plan Financial resources available; Capability and effectiveness of the infrastructure and manpower to carry out the programme; Literacy and economic status of the families particularly of the women; Policy support by opinion leaders and the society.

CONCLUSION : 

CONCLUSION The focus of planners, programme implementers and the people during the next two decades will have to be in achieving the synergy so that India can achieve rapid population stabilization, improvement in economic social and human development.

THANKS YOU: 

THANKS YOU