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Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Thursday Lecture – Legumes continued: Thursday Lecture – Legumes continued Reading: Textbook, Chapter 6Legumes – Changes Under Domestication: Legumes – Changes Under Domestication Annual habit, selfing breeding system Less seed scattering Greater seed size Synchronous fruiting Loss of dormancy - question: which came first, domestication or loss of dormancy?Major Legume Food Crops - Pulses: Major Legume Food Crops - Pulses Pulses: dried legume seeds used for food Near East: lentils, peas, chick-peas, broad beans Far East: soybean, pigeon pea Africa: cowpeas Mexico: common bean, lima bean South America: common bean, lima bean, peanutNear Eastern Pulses – 1. Lentils: Near Eastern Pulses – 1. Lentils Lens culinaris – genus name refers to shape of seedsNear Eastern Pulses – 2. Peas: Near Eastern Pulses – 2. Peas Pisum sativum – used as food since ancient times (8-9,000 yrs ago) and domesticated by about 5,800 yrs ago.Peas – porridge or green: Peas – porridge or green Pease porridge hot Pease porridge cold Pease porridge in the pot Nine days old 1600s – first use as fresh green vegetable (Holland) Specialized peas: snow peas, sugar snap peas – bred so that pods are edible in entirely, have high sugar levelsNear Eastern Pulses – 3. Broad Beans: Near Eastern Pulses – 3. Broad Beans Vicia faba – from Mediterranean region, cultivated 8800 yrs ago. Favism – type of anemia, aggravated in susceptible individual by Vicia alkaloidsNear Eastern Pulses – 4. Chick-Peas: Near Eastern Pulses – 4. Chick-Peas“cow-without-bones” - soybean: “cow-without-bones” - soybean Glycine max – domesticated in China >3000 yrs ago. The “Cinderella Crop”: The “Cinderella Crop” U.S. – introduced as crop in 1765 1920s – used for fruit rather than just forage Soybeans contain a trypsin inhibitor, destroyed by heatingSoybean Products: Soybean Products Oriental Foodstuffs: Miso, Tofu, Tempeh, Soy Milk, Soy Sauce Soybean Oil – widely used Soy proteins – used in many products Soy lecithin – widely used in chocolate products Non-food uses: inks, plastics, cleanersRoundup - Glyphosphate: Roundup - Glyphosphate Herbicide – chemical structure: Mode of action: blocks synthesis of certain amino acids (aromatic amino acids produced by the shikimic acid pathway) Toxic to most plants, but not to animals Note: can still be toxic to animals, not just the active chemical but other components of the formulation Monsanto Chemical Company – major moneymaker – while under patent protectionMonsanto - post-Roundup: Monsanto - post-Roundup Next stage produce genetically modified crops that are resistant to glyphosphate Source of resistance: microorganisms, have enzyme that is resistant to glyphosphate Microorganisms or plants, find enzymes that alter glyphosphate structure to make it harmless Using (1) – Monsanto has created crops that are resistant to glyphosphate “Roundup Ready” First Major Target: Soybeans, very successful Can spray crop after germination, kill weeds but crop little affectedRoundup Ready Wheat: Roundup Ready Wheat The Latest Battlefield in the “Biotech Wars”: Roundup Ready Crops: corn, soybeans, cotton None of these have major use in human consumption Roundup Ready Wheat: produced and marketed by Monsanto major use of wheat = human food major export crop ( Japan, Europe) Worry: if any farmers grown GM Wheat, some importers (Japan) will ban all wheat from U.S. all farmers will lose this marketOther Old World Pulses: Other Old World Pulses Pigeon peas, Cajanus cajan – from India Black-eyed peas (Cowpeas), Vigna unguiculata – from Africa, in U.S. considered to be southern regional specialtyNew World Beans – 1. Lima Beans: New World Beans – 1. Lima Beans Phaeolus lunata – Mexico to Peru, independently domesticated in the two areas. Mostly used dry. Wild plants and some cultivars contain cyanogenic glycosides – release toxic cyanide (cooking destroys compounds)New World Beans – 2. Common Beans: New World Beans – 2. Common Beans Phaseolus vulgaris – source of many types Another independent domesticate in Mexico and South AmericaBeans, Beans, Beans: Beans, Beans, Beans Selection for the variations in the seed in color and size have produced a bewildering number of variants, several of which have widespread use in our country. Kidney bean Black bean Pinto beanAnother New World Legume - Peanut: Another New World Legume - Peanut Arachis hypogaea – peanut, ground nut, goober central South America The Underground Crop: The Underground CropForage Legumes – Sitting in the Clover: Forage Legumes – Sitting in the Clover Alfalfa – Medicago sativa - king of forage crops – associated with horse husbandry Clovers – Trifolium Sweet Clovers – Melilotus Lespedeza Tuesday Lecture – Leaf, Stem and Root Crops: Tuesday Lecture – Leaf, Stem and Root Crops Reading: Textbook, Chapter 7 You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Lecture12 spring05 POST luie Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 336 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: March 06, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: hirohit80 (18 month(s) ago) want to download this ppt can u mail me at hirohit80@yahoo.co.uk Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: hirohit80 (18 month(s) ago) nice ppt Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Thursday Lecture – Legumes continued: Thursday Lecture – Legumes continued Reading: Textbook, Chapter 6Legumes – Changes Under Domestication: Legumes – Changes Under Domestication Annual habit, selfing breeding system Less seed scattering Greater seed size Synchronous fruiting Loss of dormancy - question: which came first, domestication or loss of dormancy?Major Legume Food Crops - Pulses: Major Legume Food Crops - Pulses Pulses: dried legume seeds used for food Near East: lentils, peas, chick-peas, broad beans Far East: soybean, pigeon pea Africa: cowpeas Mexico: common bean, lima bean South America: common bean, lima bean, peanutNear Eastern Pulses – 1. Lentils: Near Eastern Pulses – 1. Lentils Lens culinaris – genus name refers to shape of seedsNear Eastern Pulses – 2. Peas: Near Eastern Pulses – 2. Peas Pisum sativum – used as food since ancient times (8-9,000 yrs ago) and domesticated by about 5,800 yrs ago.Peas – porridge or green: Peas – porridge or green Pease porridge hot Pease porridge cold Pease porridge in the pot Nine days old 1600s – first use as fresh green vegetable (Holland) Specialized peas: snow peas, sugar snap peas – bred so that pods are edible in entirely, have high sugar levelsNear Eastern Pulses – 3. Broad Beans: Near Eastern Pulses – 3. Broad Beans Vicia faba – from Mediterranean region, cultivated 8800 yrs ago. Favism – type of anemia, aggravated in susceptible individual by Vicia alkaloidsNear Eastern Pulses – 4. Chick-Peas: Near Eastern Pulses – 4. Chick-Peas“cow-without-bones” - soybean: “cow-without-bones” - soybean Glycine max – domesticated in China >3000 yrs ago. The “Cinderella Crop”: The “Cinderella Crop” U.S. – introduced as crop in 1765 1920s – used for fruit rather than just forage Soybeans contain a trypsin inhibitor, destroyed by heatingSoybean Products: Soybean Products Oriental Foodstuffs: Miso, Tofu, Tempeh, Soy Milk, Soy Sauce Soybean Oil – widely used Soy proteins – used in many products Soy lecithin – widely used in chocolate products Non-food uses: inks, plastics, cleanersRoundup - Glyphosphate: Roundup - Glyphosphate Herbicide – chemical structure: Mode of action: blocks synthesis of certain amino acids (aromatic amino acids produced by the shikimic acid pathway) Toxic to most plants, but not to animals Note: can still be toxic to animals, not just the active chemical but other components of the formulation Monsanto Chemical Company – major moneymaker – while under patent protectionMonsanto - post-Roundup: Monsanto - post-Roundup Next stage produce genetically modified crops that are resistant to glyphosphate Source of resistance: microorganisms, have enzyme that is resistant to glyphosphate Microorganisms or plants, find enzymes that alter glyphosphate structure to make it harmless Using (1) – Monsanto has created crops that are resistant to glyphosphate “Roundup Ready” First Major Target: Soybeans, very successful Can spray crop after germination, kill weeds but crop little affectedRoundup Ready Wheat: Roundup Ready Wheat The Latest Battlefield in the “Biotech Wars”: Roundup Ready Crops: corn, soybeans, cotton None of these have major use in human consumption Roundup Ready Wheat: produced and marketed by Monsanto major use of wheat = human food major export crop ( Japan, Europe) Worry: if any farmers grown GM Wheat, some importers (Japan) will ban all wheat from U.S. all farmers will lose this marketOther Old World Pulses: Other Old World Pulses Pigeon peas, Cajanus cajan – from India Black-eyed peas (Cowpeas), Vigna unguiculata – from Africa, in U.S. considered to be southern regional specialtyNew World Beans – 1. Lima Beans: New World Beans – 1. Lima Beans Phaeolus lunata – Mexico to Peru, independently domesticated in the two areas. Mostly used dry. Wild plants and some cultivars contain cyanogenic glycosides – release toxic cyanide (cooking destroys compounds)New World Beans – 2. Common Beans: New World Beans – 2. Common Beans Phaseolus vulgaris – source of many types Another independent domesticate in Mexico and South AmericaBeans, Beans, Beans: Beans, Beans, Beans Selection for the variations in the seed in color and size have produced a bewildering number of variants, several of which have widespread use in our country. Kidney bean Black bean Pinto beanAnother New World Legume - Peanut: Another New World Legume - Peanut Arachis hypogaea – peanut, ground nut, goober central South America The Underground Crop: The Underground CropForage Legumes – Sitting in the Clover: Forage Legumes – Sitting in the Clover Alfalfa – Medicago sativa - king of forage crops – associated with horse husbandry Clovers – Trifolium Sweet Clovers – Melilotus Lespedeza Tuesday Lecture – Leaf, Stem and Root Crops: Tuesday Lecture – Leaf, Stem and Root Crops Reading: Textbook, Chapter 7