Phytochemicals: Nutritional Support in the Present Environment : Phytochemicals: Nutritional Support in the Present Environment K. W. Chang, Ph.D.
Amway Korea, Ltd.
Determinants of Health and Wellness : Determinants of Health and Wellness Uncontrollable
Genetic factors
Environmental factors
infectious agents,
pollution,
xenobiotics Controllable
Diet
Physical activity
Rest
Stress coping; positive outlook
A Balanced Diet : A Balanced Diet Macronutrients
carbohydrates
proteins
fats
Micronutrients
vitamins
minerals
Phytonutrients
carotenoids
flavonoids
etc.
Phytochemicals : Phytochemicals Antioxidants
flavonoids, carotenoids
Detoxification agents
glucosinolates, isothiocyanates
Synergize with vitamins
bioflavonoids
Reduce risk of chronic disease
Fruit and Vegetable-Rich Diets: Phytochemicals versus Phytonutrients : Fruit and Vegetable-Rich Diets: Phytochemicals versus Phytonutrients Phytochemical: any naturally occurring substance present in plants
Phytonutrient: a non-nutritive, yet biologically-active and beneficial substance present in plants
What are Phytonutrients? : What are Phytonutrients? Phyto = plant
Nutrient = nourishment Protect against disease to promote good health.
Antioxidants – protect against cellular damage.
Different plants have different phytonutrients.
Age-Related Degenerative Disease is Prevalent : Source: Health, United States, 1999 With Health and Aging Chartbook, National Center for Health Statistics Age-Related Degenerative Disease is Prevalent
Age-Related Degenerative Disease is Rising : Source: Older Americans 2000: Key Indicators of Well-Being, Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics, www.agingstats.gov Age-Related Degenerative Disease is Rising
Cause of death in China (1970’s vs 1990’s):male : Cause of death in China (1970’s vs 1990’s):male Respiratory 23.9->23.1%
M. Neoplasms 13.8->18.8%
Cerebro-vascular 11.0- >17.4%
Digestive 9.0->5.1%
Injury/poison 8.1->9.5%
Heart disease 7.1->8.1%
Slide10 : “Epidemiologic data support the association between HIGH intake of vegetables and fruits and LOW risk of chronic disease.”
Lampe, Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 475S-490S.
Slide11 : Fruits and Vegetables in Chronic Disease Prevention Klerk M et al 1998 Grafisch Bedrijf Ponsen & Looijen BV, Wageningen, The Netherlands “Risk for coronary heart disease can be reduced 20% to 40% by Fruit & Vegetable intake.”
Phytonutrient-Rich Diets Reduce Risk for Age-Related Degenerative Disease : Phytonutrient-Rich Diets Reduce Risk for Age-Related Degenerative Disease Strong Evidence
Cancer
CHD
Stroke
Hypertension
COPD
Cataract Emerging Evidence
Diabetes
Osteopenia
Preliminary Evidence
ARMD
Arthritis
Alzheimer's Disease
Multiple Phytonutrient Classes are Associated with Risk Reduction for Chronic Disease : Coronary Heart Disease Vitamin E Vitamin C Folic Acid,
B Vitamins Polyphenols Anthocyanins Allyl sulfides b-Carotene Multiple Phytonutrient Classes are Associated with Risk Reduction for Chronic Disease
Phytonutrients Impact Chronic Disease via Multiple Mechanisms : Coronary Heart Disease LDL oxidation
protection Reduced lipid
peroxidation Reduced
homocysteine Improved vascular
compliance Decreased
platelet
aggregation Improved vascular
reactivity Improved lipoprotein
profile Reduced
blood pressure Phytonutrients Impact Chronic Disease via Multiple Mechanisms
Phytochemical Mechanisms for Reducing Disease Risk : Lampe JW 1999 Am J Clin Nutr 70:475S-490S
Nijveldt RJ et al 2000 Am J Clin Nutr 74:418-425
Watson RR 2001 Vegetables, Fruits and Herbs in Health Promotion. CRC Press Phytochemical Mechanisms for Reducing Disease Risk Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
Modulation of detoxification mechanisms
Inhibition of cancer initiation, promotion
Age-Related Degenerative Disease Associated with Oxidant Stress : Age-Related Degenerative Disease Associated with Oxidant Stress Atherosclerosis; myocardial infarction, stroke, thrombosis
Selected cancers
Cataracts, macular degeneration
Alzheimer's disease
COPD
Diabetes
Phytochemicals & Antioxidants : Phytochemicals & Antioxidants Many phytochemicals are antioxidants
Antioxidants inactivate free radicals
Antioxidants help to reduce damage to cells, lipids and DNA
A mixture of antioxidants is thought to offer the most health benefit
Fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of antioxidants.
Physiology and Pathology of Reactive Oxygen Species : Finkel T et al 2000 Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of aging. Nature 408:239-247
Ames BN et al 1993 Oxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:7915-7922 Physiology and Pathology of Reactive Oxygen Species
Phytonutrients Interfere with Inflammation via Multiple Mechanisms : Phytonutrients Interfere with Inflammation via Multiple Mechanisms Antioxidant Activity
Inhibition of inflammatory ROS catalyzed lipid peroxides
vitamins C, E, rutin, quercetin, catechins, anthocyanins
Inhibition of high Nitric Oxide levels from inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase
quercetin
Inhibition of Inflammatory Signaling Cascade
Inhibition of NFkB activation, inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and production of inflammatory prostaglandins
curcuminoids, resveratrol, catechins
Metabolic Activation and Detoxification Pathways : Phase I Reactions
oxidation
hydroxylation
reduction
dehalgoenation Phase II Reactions
sulfation
glucuronidation
acetylation
amino acid conjugation
methylation Cytochrome P450 enzymes Sulfotransferases
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases
Glutathione S-transferases
Acetyltransferases Intermediates Detoxified, conjugated products Damage to DNA, proteins, lipids Excretion drugs, steroid hormones, chemicals, toxins Metabolic Activation and Detoxification Pathways
Diet Effects on Metabolic Activation and Detoxification : Phase I Reactions
cruciferates Phase II Reactions
cruciferates
Allium sp Cytochrome P450 enzymes Sulfotransferases
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases
Glutathione S-transferases
Acetyltransferases Intermediates Detoxified, conjugated
products Damage to
DNA, proteins,
lipids Excretion drugs, steroid hormones, chemicals, toxins Phase I Reactions
grapefruit Diet Effects on Metabolic Activation and Detoxification
Detoxification Enzymes and Diet Human Experimental Studies : Lampe JW 1999 Am J Clin Nutr 70:475S-490S Detoxification Enzymes and Diet Human Experimental Studies Increased glutathione S-transferase activity
Brussels sprouts : Nijhoff et al, 1995
Broccoli : Sreerama et al, 1995
Increased glucuronidation
Brussels sprouts & cabbage : Pantuck et al, 1984
Watercress : Chen et al, 1996
Altered metabolism of NNK (Tobacco carcinogen)
Watercress : Hecht et al, 1995
Fruits and Vegetables and Carcinogenesis : Lampe JW 1999 Am J Clin Nutr 70:475S-490S Fruits and Vegetables and Carcinogenesis Epidemiologic research shows that plant-based diets are associated with a decreased incidence of cancer
Overall dietary patterns, rather than specific individual compounds, are most strongly linked
A Model of Carcinogenesis : Lampe JW 1999 Am J Clin Nutr 70:475S-490S Initiation Promotion A Model of Carcinogenesis Normal Cell Cell with DNA Abnormality Tumor MUTATION
Inherited
Spontaneous
Acquired PROMOTION
PROGRESSION
Impact of Environmental, Lifestyle, and Dietary Factors on Carcinogenesis : Impact of Environmental, Lifestyle, and Dietary Factors on Carcinogenesis
Disability from Degenerative Disease: A Major Cause of Age-Related Health Decline : Life Span Disability from Degenerative Disease: A Major Cause of Age-Related Health Decline
Lifestyle Factors Promoting Healthy Aging The longer the healthy lifestyle, the greater the impact. : Fruit & Vegetable-Rich Diet Physical Activity Low Risk Behavior Healthy Lifestyle Optimum
Health Poor
Health Life Span Lifestyle Factors Promoting Healthy Aging The longer the healthy lifestyle, the greater the impact.
Carl Rehnborg : Nutrilite Health Institute -1934 : Carl Rehnborg : Nutrilite Health Institute -1934
Plant Concentrates : Plant Concentrates Acerola Carrots Alfalfa Fiber Water
Nutrients in Alfalfa : Nutrients in Alfalfa Carotenoids
Nutrients in Acerola : Synthetic Vitamin C Acerola Nutrients in Acerola
Lycopene : Lycopene High tomato consumption decreases risk of prostate cancer 35%
Epidemiological studies suggest protective effect against stomach and lung cancer
Lutein : Source: Seddon JM, et al. JAMA. 1994;272:1413-1420
Am J Clin Nutr, Feb 1, 2000;71:575-582 Lutein Reduces risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) 43%
Reduces risk of colon cancer 17%
Lutein and Age-Related Macular Degeneration : lutein Yellow and dark green leafy vegetables Lutein and Age-Related Macular Degeneration Decreased lutein is associated with increased risk for age-related macular degeneration
Flavonoids Quercetin, resveratrol, catechins, hesperidin : Source: Hertog MGL, et al. Lancet. 1993;342:1007-11. Flavonoids Quercetin, resveratrol, catechins, hesperidin Men with highest intake of flavonoids decrease risk of dying from heart disease by 50%
Resveratrol : Resveratrol Believed to be responsible for the ‘French Paradox’
Cardioprotective functions
Inhibits LDL oxidation
Regulates heart rhythm
Reduces platelet aggregation
Catechins : Source: Biofactors 2000; 13: 49-54. Catechins in green tea > black tea. Catechins EGCG=epigallocatechin gallate
Best source is green tea
Reduce risk of cancer
Protects against heart disease, atherosclerosis
7-10 cups/day
Hesperidin : Hesperidin In combination with another citrus bioflavonoid (diosmin), improves venous tone and elasticity.
May reduce cancer cell proliferation.
May improve serum lipid levels.
Garlic : Source:Ann Intern Med 1995; 119: 599-605. J Hypertens 1994; 12: 463-468. Garlic Reduces blood cholesterol by 9-12%.
Lowers blood pressure by 5-10% more than placebo.
High garlic consumption decreases risk of colon cancer by 30 %.
Isoflavones : Source: Anderson et al., N Engl J Med1995
Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 439S-450S. Isoflavones Decrease risk of breast cancer in pre-menopausal women
Protect against bone loss in post-menopausal women
Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates Broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, kale, cauliflower : Source: Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 472: 159-168. Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates Broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, kale, cauliflower Phytochemicals activate detoxification system in the liver to reduce cancer risk.
Most protective against lung, stomach, colon and rectal cancer.
Benefits of Fruits & Vegetables : Benefits of Fruits & Vegetables Spinach lutein eyes
Tomatoes lycopene heart, prostate
Oranges hesperidin cardiovascular
Grapes/wine resveratrol cardiovascular
Green tea catechins heart, cancer
Soy isoflavones breast, bone
Broccoli etc sulforophanes detoxification
Berries (blue) anthocyanins cardiovascular
Berries (red) ellagic acid DNA structure
Scientific support : Scientific support
Slide44 : Thank You !