7 K Chang presentation final

Phytochemicals: Nutritional Support in the Present Environment: 

Phytochemicals: Nutritional Support in the Present Environment K. W. Chang, Ph.D. Amway Korea, Ltd.

Determinants of Health and Wellness: 

Determinants of Health and Wellness Uncontrollable Genetic factors Environmental factors infectious agents, pollution, xenobiotics Controllable Diet Physical activity Rest Stress coping; positive outlook

A Balanced Diet: 

A Balanced Diet Macronutrients carbohydrates proteins fats Micronutrients vitamins minerals Phytonutrients carotenoids flavonoids etc.

Phytochemicals: 

Phytochemicals Antioxidants flavonoids, carotenoids Detoxification agents glucosinolates, isothiocyanates Synergize with vitamins bioflavonoids Reduce risk of chronic disease

Fruit and Vegetable-Rich Diets: Phytochemicals versus Phytonutrients: 

Fruit and Vegetable-Rich Diets: Phytochemicals versus Phytonutrients Phytochemical: any naturally occurring substance present in plants Phytonutrient: a non-nutritive, yet biologically-active and beneficial substance present in plants

What are Phytonutrients?: 

What are Phytonutrients? Phyto = plant Nutrient = nourishment Protect against disease to promote good health. Antioxidants – protect against cellular damage. Different plants have different phytonutrients.

Age-Related Degenerative Disease is Prevalent: 

Source: Health, United States, 1999 With Health and Aging Chartbook, National Center for Health Statistics Age-Related Degenerative Disease is Prevalent

Age-Related Degenerative Disease is Rising: 

Source: Older Americans 2000: Key Indicators of Well-Being, Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics, www.agingstats.gov Age-Related Degenerative Disease is Rising

Cause of death in China (1970’s vs 1990’s):male: 

Cause of death in China (1970’s vs 1990’s):male Respiratory 23.9->23.1% M. Neoplasms 13.8->18.8% Cerebro-vascular 11.0- >17.4% Digestive 9.0->5.1% Injury/poison 8.1->9.5% Heart disease 7.1->8.1%

Slide10: 

“Epidemiologic data support the association between HIGH intake of vegetables and fruits and LOW risk of chronic disease.” Lampe, Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 475S-490S.

Slide11: 

Fruits and Vegetables in Chronic Disease Prevention Klerk M et al 1998 Grafisch Bedrijf Ponsen & Looijen BV, Wageningen, The Netherlands “Risk for coronary heart disease can be reduced 20% to 40% by Fruit & Vegetable intake.”

Phytonutrient-Rich Diets Reduce Risk for Age-Related Degenerative Disease: 

Phytonutrient-Rich Diets Reduce Risk for Age-Related Degenerative Disease Strong Evidence Cancer CHD Stroke Hypertension COPD Cataract Emerging Evidence Diabetes Osteopenia Preliminary Evidence ARMD Arthritis Alzheimer's Disease

Multiple Phytonutrient Classes are Associated with Risk Reduction for Chronic Disease: 

Coronary Heart Disease Vitamin E Vitamin C Folic Acid, B Vitamins Polyphenols Anthocyanins Allyl sulfides b-Carotene Multiple Phytonutrient Classes are Associated with Risk Reduction for Chronic Disease

Phytonutrients Impact Chronic Disease via Multiple Mechanisms : 

Coronary Heart Disease LDL oxidation protection Reduced lipid peroxidation Reduced homocysteine Improved vascular compliance Decreased platelet aggregation Improved vascular reactivity Improved lipoprotein profile Reduced blood pressure Phytonutrients Impact Chronic Disease via Multiple Mechanisms

Phytochemical Mechanisms for Reducing Disease Risk: 

Lampe JW 1999 Am J Clin Nutr 70:475S-490S Nijveldt RJ et al 2000 Am J Clin Nutr 74:418-425 Watson RR 2001 Vegetables, Fruits and Herbs in Health Promotion. CRC Press Phytochemical Mechanisms for Reducing Disease Risk Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Modulation of detoxification mechanisms Inhibition of cancer initiation, promotion

Age-Related Degenerative Disease Associated with Oxidant Stress: 

Age-Related Degenerative Disease Associated with Oxidant Stress Atherosclerosis; myocardial infarction, stroke, thrombosis Selected cancers Cataracts, macular degeneration Alzheimer's disease COPD Diabetes

Phytochemicals & Antioxidants: 

Phytochemicals & Antioxidants Many phytochemicals are antioxidants Antioxidants inactivate free radicals Antioxidants help to reduce damage to cells, lipids and DNA A mixture of antioxidants is thought to offer the most health benefit Fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of antioxidants.

Physiology and Pathology of Reactive Oxygen Species: 

Finkel T et al 2000 Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of aging. Nature 408:239-247 Ames BN et al 1993 Oxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:7915-7922 Physiology and Pathology of Reactive Oxygen Species

Phytonutrients Interfere with Inflammation via Multiple Mechanisms: 

Phytonutrients Interfere with Inflammation via Multiple Mechanisms Antioxidant Activity Inhibition of inflammatory ROS catalyzed lipid peroxides vitamins C, E, rutin, quercetin, catechins, anthocyanins Inhibition of high Nitric Oxide levels from inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase quercetin Inhibition of Inflammatory Signaling Cascade Inhibition of NFkB activation, inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and production of inflammatory prostaglandins curcuminoids, resveratrol, catechins

Metabolic Activation and Detoxification Pathways: 

Phase I Reactions oxidation hydroxylation reduction dehalgoenation Phase II Reactions sulfation glucuronidation acetylation amino acid conjugation methylation Cytochrome P450 enzymes Sulfotransferases UDP-glucuronosyltransferases Glutathione S-transferases Acetyltransferases Intermediates Detoxified, conjugated products Damage to DNA, proteins, lipids Excretion drugs, steroid hormones, chemicals, toxins Metabolic Activation and Detoxification Pathways

Diet Effects on Metabolic Activation and Detoxification: 

Phase I Reactions cruciferates Phase II Reactions cruciferates Allium sp Cytochrome P450 enzymes Sulfotransferases UDP-glucuronosyltransferases Glutathione S-transferases Acetyltransferases Intermediates Detoxified, conjugated products Damage to DNA, proteins, lipids Excretion drugs, steroid hormones, chemicals, toxins Phase I Reactions grapefruit Diet Effects on Metabolic Activation and Detoxification

Detoxification Enzymes and Diet Human Experimental Studies: 

Lampe JW 1999 Am J Clin Nutr 70:475S-490S Detoxification Enzymes and Diet Human Experimental Studies Increased glutathione S-transferase activity Brussels sprouts : Nijhoff et al, 1995 Broccoli : Sreerama et al, 1995 Increased glucuronidation Brussels sprouts & cabbage : Pantuck et al, 1984 Watercress : Chen et al, 1996 Altered metabolism of NNK (Tobacco carcinogen) Watercress : Hecht et al, 1995

Fruits and Vegetables and Carcinogenesis: 

Lampe JW 1999 Am J Clin Nutr 70:475S-490S Fruits and Vegetables and Carcinogenesis Epidemiologic research shows that plant-based diets are associated with a decreased incidence of cancer Overall dietary patterns, rather than specific individual compounds, are most strongly linked

A Model of Carcinogenesis: 

Lampe JW 1999 Am J Clin Nutr 70:475S-490S Initiation Promotion A Model of Carcinogenesis Normal Cell Cell with DNA Abnormality Tumor MUTATION Inherited Spontaneous Acquired PROMOTION PROGRESSION

Impact of Environmental, Lifestyle, and Dietary Factors on Carcinogenesis: 

Impact of Environmental, Lifestyle, and Dietary Factors on Carcinogenesis

Disability from Degenerative Disease:A Major Cause of Age-Related Health Decline: 

Life Span Disability from Degenerative Disease: A Major Cause of Age-Related Health Decline

Lifestyle Factors Promoting Healthy AgingThe longer the healthy lifestyle, the greater the impact.: 

Fruit & Vegetable-Rich Diet Physical Activity Low Risk Behavior Healthy Lifestyle Optimum Health Poor Health Life Span Lifestyle Factors Promoting Healthy Aging The longer the healthy lifestyle, the greater the impact.

Carl Rehnborg : Nutrilite Health Institute -1934: 

Carl Rehnborg : Nutrilite Health Institute -1934

Plant Concentrates: 

Plant Concentrates Acerola Carrots Alfalfa Fiber Water

Nutrients in Alfalfa: 

Nutrients in Alfalfa Carotenoids

Nutrients in Acerola: 

Synthetic Vitamin C Acerola Nutrients in Acerola

Lycopene: 

Lycopene High tomato consumption decreases risk of prostate cancer 35% Epidemiological studies suggest protective effect against stomach and lung cancer

Lutein: 

Source: Seddon JM, et al. JAMA. 1994;272:1413-1420 Am J Clin Nutr, Feb 1, 2000;71:575-582 Lutein Reduces risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) 43% Reduces risk of colon cancer 17%

Lutein and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: 

lutein Yellow and dark green leafy vegetables Lutein and Age-Related Macular Degeneration Decreased lutein is associated with increased risk for age-related macular degeneration

FlavonoidsQuercetin, resveratrol, catechins, hesperidin: 

Source: Hertog MGL, et al. Lancet. 1993;342:1007-11. Flavonoids Quercetin, resveratrol, catechins, hesperidin Men with highest intake of flavonoids decrease risk of dying from heart disease by 50%

Resveratrol: 

Resveratrol Believed to be responsible for the ‘French Paradox’ Cardioprotective functions Inhibits LDL oxidation Regulates heart rhythm Reduces platelet aggregation

Catechins: 

Source: Biofactors 2000; 13: 49-54. Catechins in green tea > black tea. Catechins EGCG=epigallocatechin gallate Best source is green tea Reduce risk of cancer Protects against heart disease, atherosclerosis 7-10 cups/day

Hesperidin: 

Hesperidin In combination with another citrus bioflavonoid (diosmin), improves venous tone and elasticity. May reduce cancer cell proliferation. May improve serum lipid levels.

Garlic: 

Source:Ann Intern Med 1995; 119: 599-605. J Hypertens 1994; 12: 463-468. Garlic Reduces blood cholesterol by 9-12%. Lowers blood pressure by 5-10% more than placebo. High garlic consumption decreases risk of colon cancer by 30 %.

Isoflavones: 

Source: Anderson et al., N Engl J Med1995 Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 439S-450S. Isoflavones Decrease risk of breast cancer in pre-menopausal women Protect against bone loss in post-menopausal women

Glucosinolates and IsothiocyanatesBroccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, kale, cauliflower: 

Source: Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 472: 159-168. Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates Broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, kale, cauliflower Phytochemicals activate detoxification system in the liver to reduce cancer risk. Most protective against lung, stomach, colon and rectal cancer.

Benefits of Fruits & Vegetables: 

Benefits of Fruits & Vegetables Spinach lutein eyes Tomatoes lycopene heart, prostate Oranges hesperidin cardiovascular Grapes/wine resveratrol cardiovascular Green tea catechins heart, cancer Soy isoflavones breast, bone Broccoli etc sulforophanes detoxification Berries (blue) anthocyanins cardiovascular Berries (red) ellagic acid DNA structure

Scientific support: 

Scientific support

Slide44: 

Thank You !