FOOD SECURITY PLANT PATHOGENS: FOOD SECURITY PLANT PATHOGENS MICROBIOLOGY & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT


STEM RUST: STEM RUST DATE: 16 JAN 2007 A NEW FORM OF STEM RUSTJUMPED FROM EASTERN AFRICA TO WHEAT IN YEMEN IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA


NEW STEM RUST: NEW STEM RUST STRAIN KNOWN AS UG99 UGANDA, KENYA, AND ETHIOPIA. RECENTLY CONFIRMED IN SUDAN NOW IN YEMEN


THE GEOGRAPHY: THE GEOGRAPHY


WHAT IS STEM RUST: WHAT IS STEM RUST FUNGAL PATHOGEN OF PLANTS Puccinia graminis Phylum: Basidiomycota Order: Uredinales WORLD DISTRIBUTION WIDESPREAD


RUSTS OF WHEATGrant Hollaway and John Brownhttp://www.dpi.vic.gov.au: RUSTS OF WHEAT Grant Hollaway and John Brown http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au STEM RUST (Puccinia graminis) LEAF RUST (Puccinia triticina/recondita) STRIPE RUST (Puccinia striiformis)


WHAT IS STEM RUST: WHAT IS STEM RUST HETEROECIOUS ON GRASS UREDINIAL & TELIAL STATES BROWN/BLACK STRIPES ON STEMS & LEAF-SHEATHS ON Berberis (barberry) and Mahonia (oregon-grape). AECIA & SPERMOGONIA


UREDINAL STAGE ON WHEAT: UREDINAL STAGE ON WHEAT


AECIAL STAGE ON Berberis vulgaris: AECIAL STAGE ON Berberis vulgaris Aecial stage on Barberry (Berberis vulgaris).   Drem, East Lothian, 1985.


P. graminis: P. graminis A NUMBER OF FORMAE SPECIALES (VARIANTS) ARE RECOGNISED ON DIFFERENT WILD AND CULTIVATED GRASS HOSTS F.SP. TRITICI ON WHEAT (LESS OFTEN BARLEY AND RYE), F.SP. SECALIS (= F.SP. HORDEI?) BARLEY, RYE AND SOME WILD SPECIES F.SP. AVENAE CULTIVATED OATS AND WILD RELATIVES.


P. graminis: P. graminis THE MAJOR PROBLEMS HAVE BEEN WITH WHEAT F.SP. TRITICI


P. graminis: P. graminis SYMPTOMS OF IN WHEAT PUSTULES PRIMARILY ON THE STEMS AND LEAF SHEATHS (FIG. 1) EACH PUSTULE IS THE RESULT OF AN INFECTION BY A SINGLE RUST SPORE THE INITIAL INFECTIONS PRODUCE NO OBVIOUS SYMPTOMS FUNGAL MYCELIUM GROWS WITHIN PLANT TISSUE FOR 7-10 DAYS


P. graminis: P. graminis AFTER 7 -10 DAYS PUSTULE APPEARS REPRESENTS BEGINNING OF PRODUCTION OF SPORES THAT RUPTURE PLANT EPIDERMIS THOUSANDS OF SPORES EMERGE AS POWDERY, RUST COLORED PILES OF UREDINIOSPORES


P. graminis: P. graminis EACH UREDINIOSPORE CAN PRODUCE A NEW INFECTION THAT WILL CAUSE SIMILAR DAMAGE ON THE SAME PLANT OR ANOTHER WHEAT PLANT . MULTIPLE CYCLES OF INFECTION, SPORULATION, AND RE-INFECTION CAN PRODUCE VERY DESTRUCTIVE EPIDEMICS IN WHEAT FIELDS WITHIN JUST A FEW WEEKS.


STEM RUST INFECTED WHEAT: STEM RUST INFECTED WHEAT


P. graminis COMPLETE LIFE CYCLE: P. graminis COMPLETE LIFE CYCLE LATE IN THEIR DEVELOPMENT INFECTIONS ON WHEAT PLANTS CONVERT FROM PRODUCING UREDINIOSPORES TO TELIOSPORES A NEW KIND OF SPORE


P. graminis COMPLETE LIFE CYCLE: P. graminis COMPLETE LIFE CYCLE TELIOSPORES A NEW KIND OF SPORE REMAIN ATTACHED TO THE INFECTED PLANTS COMMONLY LEFT IN THE FIELD ON STRAW SPECIALIZED SURVIVAL STRUCTURES


P. graminis COMPLETE LIFE CYCLE : P. graminis COMPLETE LIFE CYCLE TELIOSPORES DORMANT IN THE FIELD UNTIL THE FOLLOWING SPRING GERMINATE AND IMMEDIATELY PRODUCE ANOTHER TYPE OF SPORE KNOWN AS BASIDIOSPORES.


P. graminis COMPLETE LIFE CYCLE : P. graminis COMPLETE LIFE CYCLE BASIDIOSPORES BASIDIOSPORES CANNOT INFECT WHEAT PLANTS INFECT YOUNG LEAVES OF COMMON BARBERRY (BERBERIS VULGARIS) OR OTHER RELATED PLANTS ON BARBERRY PRODUCE SPECIALIZED INFECTION STRUCTURES CALLED PYCNIA ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE SEXUAL STAGE OF THE FUNGUS


P. graminis SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: P. graminis SEXUAL REPRODUCTION BACK TO THE TELIOSPORES . TELIOSPORES OF P. GRAMINIS HAVE TWO NUCLEI PER CELL. EACH NUCLEUS CONTAINS A SINGLE SET OF CHROMOSOMES. NUCLEI ARE PAIRED ONE NUCLEUS IS OF A + MATING TYPE THE OTHER IS OF A - MATING TYPE. DURING “DORMANT” PERIOD + AND - MATING TYPE NUCLEI FUSE A SINGLE DIPLOID NUCLEUS (TWO SETS OF CHROMOSOMES).


P. graminis SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: P. graminis SEXUAL REPRODUCTION CHROMOSOMES PAIR DIPLOID NUCLEUS BEGINS TO DIVIDE IN MEIOSIS RESULTS IN FOUR HAPLOID NUCLEI RECOMBINATION OF GENES FROM THE PAIRED CHROMOSOMES DURING THE DORMANT PERIOD (WINTER) MEIOSIS IS SUSPENDED AT AN INTERMEDIATE STAGE


P. graminis SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: P. graminis SEXUAL REPRODUCTION SPRING WARM WET WEATHER MEIOSIS RESUMES AND THE TELIOSPORES GERMINATE. EACH OF THE FOUR HAPLOID NUCLEI MIGRATE TO ONE OF THE FOUR DEVELOPING BASIDIOSPORES DIVIDE TO PRODUCE TWO HAPLOID NUCLEI PER MATURE BASIDIOSPORE.


P. graminis SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: P. graminis SEXUAL REPRODUCTION MATURE BASIDIOSPORES ARE FORCIBLY EJECTED CARRIED AWAY BE AIR CURRENTS IF THEY REACH A SUSCEPTIBLE BARBERRY LEAF BASIDIOSPORES GERMINATE AND PENETRATE THE LEAF.


P. graminis SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - BARBERRY: P. graminis SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - BARBERRY BASIDIOSPORES GERMINATE ON BARBERRY GROW & DEVELOP INTO PYCNIA FORM ON THE UPPER SURFACE OF THE LEAVES TWO KEY ELEMENTS FOR THE SEXUAL PROCESS. PYCNIOSPORES. TO FERTILIZE THE RECEPTIVE HYPHAE OF ANOTHER PYCNIUM OF COMPATIBLE MATING TYPE. RECEPTIVE HYPHAE FUNCTION AS THE FEMALE GAMETES


P. graminis SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - BARBERRY: P. graminis SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - BARBERRY PYCNIOSPORES ARE PRODUCED IN A SUGARY NECTAR INSECTS ATTRACTED TO THE NECTAR VISIT SEVERAL PYCNIA IN SUCCESSION, FERTILIZING THEM SELF FERTILIZATION IS PREVENTED IN P. GRAMINIS + MATING TYPE PYCNIOSPORES CAN FUSE WITH - MATING TYPE RECEPTIVE HYPHAE, AND VICE VERSA.


P. graminis SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - BARBERRY: P. graminis SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - BARBERRY FERTILISED PYCNIUM CELLS QUICKLY CHANGE FROM HAPLOID UNINUCLEATE STATE TO DIKARYOTIC CONDITION WITH PAIRED + AND - NUCLEI IN EACH CELL. DEVELOPS INTO AN AECIUM


P. graminis SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - BARBERRY: P. graminis SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - BARBERRY AECIUM FORM WITHIN 5-7 DAYS AFTER FERTILIZATION ON THE LOWER SIDE OF LEAF BELOW THE PYCNIUM PRODUCES CHAINS OF AECIOSPORES SURROUNDED BY A CUP-LIKE ENCLOSURE OF FUNGAL CELLS. AECIOSPORE LIKE UREDINIOSPORES CONTAINS TWO NUCLEI INFECT WHEAT NOT BARBERRY


AECIA ON BARBERRY LEAF: AECIA ON BARBERRY LEAF


BARBERRY BUSH NEAR A WHEAT FIELD: BARBERRY BUSH NEAR A WHEAT FIELD


IMPORTANCE OF THE BARBERRY BUSH: IMPORTANCE OF THE BARBERRY BUSH HELPS TO BRIDGE THE WINTER WITHOUT BARBERRY TELIOSPORE IS A DEAD END WHAT ELSE?


BARBERRY ERADICATION: BARBERRY ERADICATION IN IMPORTANT WHEAT PRODUCING STATES BEGAN IN NORTH AMERICA IN 1917/18 FOCUSED ON THE NORTHERN U.S. P. GRAMINIS TELIOSPORES EITHER DO NOT GERMINATE OR BARBERRY BUSHES FAIL TO BECOME INFECTED IN REGIONS WHERE WINTERS ARE MILD


BARBERRY ERADICATION : BARBERRY ERADICATION Berberis vulgaris NOT INDIGENOUS IN NA INTRODUCED FROM EUROPE ESCAPED INTO WILD ALSO RELATED INDIGENEOUS SPECIES PROGRESSIVELY MORE WHEAT GROWING STATES JOINED UP TO 1955


BARBERRY QUARANTINE AREA: BARBERRY QUARANTINE AREA


WHEAT SUSCEPTIBILITY TOP. graminis: WHEAT SUSCEPTIBILITY TO P. graminis DEPENDS ON GENETICS OF WHEAT CULTIVAR A NUMBER OF GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF RESISTANCE TO P. graminis ARE KNOW WHEAT BREEDING CENTRES CULTIVATE VARIETIES RESISTANT TO INFECTION


WHEAT SUSCEPTIBILITY TOP. graminis: WHEAT SUSCEPTIBILITY TO P. graminis DEPENDS ON GENETICS OF WHEAT CULTIVAR WHEAT CULTIVARS RESISTANCE IF “RACE” SPECIFIC TPMK AND QFCS MOST COMMON RACES IN THE GREAT PLAINS CONTROLLED SEVERAL DIFFERENT RESISTANCE GENES IN CURRENT WHEAT VARIETIES OTHER GENES FOR RESISTANCE ARE KNOWN AND ARE AVAILABLE FOR USE AGAINST OTHER P. graminis RACES


WHEAT GENES: WHEAT GENES


COMMON BARBERRY BUSH: COMMON BARBERRY BUSH


IMPORTANCE OF THE BARBERRY BUSH: IMPORTANCE OF THE BARBERRY BUSH WHAT ELSE? SEXUAL REPRODUCTION GENERATES GENETIC DIVERSITY NEW PROPERTIES NEW PATHOGENIC “RACES” OF FUNGUS THAT IMPORTANT WHEAT VARIETIES MAY NOT BE RESISTANT TO


OAT CROWN RUST: OAT CROWN RUST Rhamnus cathartica SEXUAL STAGE ON COMMON BUCKTHORN ALSO INTRODUCED FROM EUROPE HAS BECOME NATURALIZED AND EXTREMELY COMMON IN THE NORTH CENTRAL U.S. BUCKTHORN HAS NOT BEEN ERADICATED


RACES OF WHEAT STEM & OAT CROWN RUST: RACES OF WHEAT STEM & OAT CROWN RUST


OAT CROWN RUST: OAT CROWN RUST Rhamnus cathartica OAT VARIETIES RARELY REMAIN RESISTANT TO CROWN RUST FOR MORE THAN 5 YEARS


BACK TO UG99: BACK TO UG99 P. graminis RACE ABLE TO INFECT MOST COMMON WHEAT VARIETIES


IMPORTANCE OF WHEAT: IMPORTANCE OF WHEAT Triticum spp. SECOND ONLY TO MAIZE IN TONNAGE OF CEREAL CROP PRODUCTION RICE THIRD GLOBALLY WHEAT IS PROBABLY MOST IMPORTANT FOOD GRAIN


IMPORTANCE OF WHEAT: IMPORTANCE OF WHEAT DISSEMINATION OF NEW RACE OF STEM RUST HAS POTENTIAL TO DRAMATICALLY REDUCE GLOBAL WHEAT YIELDS WHEAT RESERVES CURRENTLY AT A 30 YEAR LOW IMPLICATIONS FOF GLOBAL GOOD SUPPLY


DEALING WITH UG99: DEALING WITH UG99 PROMISING EXPERIMENTAL WHEAT MATERIALS WITH RESISTANCE TO UG99 IDENTIFIED FROM THE 1ST BREEDING TRIALS TO GROWING NEW, RUST-RESISTANT VARIETIES IN FARMERS' FIELDS ON MILLIONS OF HECTARES TAKES TIME AND A MASSIVE EFFORT NEED TO SLOW DISSEMINATION


MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS: MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MDG 1. ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER REDUCE BY HALF THE PROPORTION OF PEOPLE LIVING ON LESS THAN A DOLLAR A DAY AND THOSE WHO SUFFER FROM HUNGER


LACK OF FOOD: LACK OF FOOD UN DEFINITION OF STARVATION A PERSON IS STARVING IF HE OR SHE DOES NOT GET SUFFICIENT FOOD TO PERFORM LIGHT PHYSICAL ACTIVITY (1500 CALORIES/DAY STARVATION LEVEL)


WHAT IS POVERTY : WHAT IS POVERTY IDEAS OF POVERTY ADAM SMITH “NECESSARIES OF LIFE”


 Adam Smith. : Adam Smith . “necessaries” not only the commodities which are indispensably necessary for the support of life, but what ever the customs of the country renders it indecent for creditable people even the lowest order to be without. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 1776


WHAT IS POVERTY : WHAT IS POVERTY RELATIVE POVERTY ABSOLUTE POVERTY LESS THAN A DOLLAR A DAY


ABSOLUTE POVERTY : ABSOLUTE POVERTY LACK OF ADEQUATE FOOD WATER SHELTER SANITATION


LACK OF FOOD-TWO RELATED ASPECTS: LACK OF FOOD-TWO RELATED ASPECTS LONG TERM/CHRONIC FOOD SHORTAGE FAMINE


STARVATION/HUNGER/UNDERNUTRITION: STARVATION/HUNGER /UNDERNUTRITION HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE STARVING? IS IT GETTING BETTER OR WORSE? WHERE ARE THEY STARVING? WHY ARE THEY STARVING?


HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE UNDERNOURISHED?: HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE UNDERNOURISHED? UNDERNOURISHED FOOD INTAKE THAT IS INSUFFICIENT TO MEET DIETARY REQUIREMENTS CONTINUOUSLY (FIVIMS) 852* MILLION UNDERNOURISHED 2000-2002 815 IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 28 MILLION IN TRANSITION ECONOMIES 9 MILLION IN INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES * MORE THAN TWICE THE POPULATION OF THE EU


STARVATION: IS IT GETTING BETTER OR WORSE? : STARVATION: IS IT GETTING BETTER OR WORSE? 1971 920 MILLION PEOPLE STARVING 1997 792 MILLION PEOPLE STARVING 2010 PREDICTION 680 MILLIION (Sceptical Environmentalist)


STARVATION: IS IT GETTING BETTER FAST ENOUGH?: STARVATION: IS IT GETTING BETTER FAST ENOUGH?


THE HARM THAT IT DOES: THE HARM THAT IT DOES OBVIOUS IMMEDIATE SUFFERING OTHER IMPAIRS LEARNING IMPAIRS ABILITY TO WORK & EARN


WHERE ARE THE PEOPLE: WHERE ARE THE PEOPLE POPULATION DENSITY DISTRIBUTION


WHERE ARE THEY STARVING?: WHERE ARE THEY STARVING?


WHERE ARE THEY STARVING?: WHERE ARE THEY STARVING?


ARE THEY STARVING IN CITIES OR COUNTRYSIDE? : ARE THEY STARVING IN CITIES OR COUNTRYSIDE? 75% OF HUNGRY PEOPLE LIVE IN RURAL AREAS IN POOR COUNTRIES


WHY ARE THEY STARVING? : WHY ARE THEY STARVING? IS IT JUST INEVITABLE MORE PEOPLE = LESS FOOD TO GO ROUND REVEREND THOMAS MALTHUS 1798 POPULATION GROWTH IS BY A FIXED PERCENTAGE (EXPONENTIAL) FOOD PRODUCTION GROWTH IS SLOWER STARVATION IS INEVITABLE


WHATS HAPPENING TO POPULATION : WHATS HAPPENING TO POPULATION UN DEFINITION 1750 ABOUT 1 BILLION 1950 ABOUT 2.5 BILLION BY 1999 6 BILLION BY 2050 > 9 BILLION BY 2200 CIRCA 11 BILLION


POPULATION GROWTH?: POPULATION GROWTH? BIRTH RATES ARE ALREADY FALLING IN MOST PARTS OF THE WORLD 3.1/WOMAN IS NOW AVERAGE FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES 2.1/WOMAN REPRESENTS STABILITY “ITS NOT THAT PEOPLE HAVE SUDDENLY STARTED BREEDING LIKE RABBITS; ITS JUST THAT THEY STOPPED DYING LIKE FLIES” (Sceptical Environmentalist)


“RIGHTS” & POPULATION: “RIGHTS” & POPULATION IS COERCION A LEGITIMATE TOOL FOR CONTROL OF POPULATION GROWTH?


“RIGHTS” & POPULATION: “RIGHTS” & POPULATION IS COERCION AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR CONTROL OF POPULATION GROWTH?


FOOD PRODUCTION: FOOD PRODUCTION 1999 GLOBAL FOOD PRODUCTION PER CAPITA WAS 23% HIGHER THAN IN 1961 1999 PER CAPITA FOOD PRODUCTION IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES WAS 52% HIGHER THAN IN 1961


WHY MORE FOOD PRODUCTION?: WHY MORE FOOD PRODUCTION? GREEN REVOLUTION HIGH YIELD CROPS IRRIGATION FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES FARM MANAGEMENT


WHY MORE FOOD PRODUCTION?: WHY MORE FOOD PRODUCTION? LOW INCOME COUNTRIES SINCE 1960 YIELD PER HECTARE RICE UP 122% WHEAT UP 229% CORN (MAIZE) UP 159%


ARE WE AT THE LIMIT OF FOOD PRODUCTION?: ARE WE AT THE LIMIT OF FOOD PRODUCTION? ADJUSTING TYPES OF FOOD PRODUCED PRODUCTION OF FOOD OF ANIMAL ORIGIN MUCH LESS EFFICIENT THAT FOOD OF PLANT ORIGIN


ARE WE AT THE LIMIT OF FOOD PRODUCTION?: ARE WE AT THE LIMIT OF FOOD PRODUCTION? YIELD PER HECTARE IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES IS STILL WELL BELOW THAT IN MANY HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES MANY HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES ARE ACTIVELY DISCOURAGING FARMERS FROM PRODUCING FOOD BECAUSE THERE IS NO DEMAND


ARE WE AT THE LIMIT OF FOOD PRODUCTION?: ARE WE AT THE LIMIT OF FOOD PRODUCTION? REASON TO BELIVE THAT GROWTH IN GLOBAL FOOD PRODUCTION IS CONSTRAINED MORE BY LACK OF DEMAND THAN BY LACK OF CAPACITY


FOOD PRODUCTION: FOOD PRODUCTION 1999 GLOBAL FOOD PRODUCTION PER CAPITA WAS 23% HIGHER THAN IN 1961 1999 PER CAPITA FOOD PRODUCTION IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES WAS 52% HIGHER THAN IN 1961


WHY MORE FOOD PRODUCTION?: WHY MORE FOOD PRODUCTION? GREEN REVOLUTION HIGH YIELD CROPS IRRIGATION FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES FARM MANAGEMENT


WHY MORE FOOD PRODUCTION?: WHY MORE FOOD PRODUCTION? LOW INCOME COUNTRIES SINCE 1960 YIELD PER HECTARE RICE UP 122% WHEAT UP 229% CORN (MAIZE) UP 159%


ARE WE AT THE LIMIT OF FOOD PRODUCTION?: ARE WE AT THE LIMIT OF FOOD PRODUCTION? ADJUSTING TYPES OF FOOD PRODUCED PRODUCTION OF FOOD OF ANIMAL ORIGIN MUCH LESS EFFICIENT THAT FOOD OF PLANT ORIGIN


ARE WE AT THE LIMIT OF FOOD PRODUCTION?: ARE WE AT THE LIMIT OF FOOD PRODUCTION? YIELD PER HECTARE IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES IS STILL WELL BELOW THAT IN MANY HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES MANY HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES ARE ACTIVELY DISCOURAGING FARMERS FROM PRODUCING FOOD BECAUSE THERE IS NO DEMAND


ARE WE AT THE LIMIT OF FOOD PRODUCTION?: ARE WE AT THE LIMIT OF FOOD PRODUCTION? REASON TO BELIVE THAT GROWTH IN GLOBAL FOOD PRODUCTION IS CONSTRAINED MORE BY LACK OF DEMAND THAN BY LACK OF CAPACITY


WHERE IS THE DEMAND: WHERE IS THE DEMAND WITH 750 MILLION HUNGRY WHY IS THERE NO DEMAND?


POST HARVEST FOOD LOSS IN STORAGE: POST HARVEST FOOD LOSS IN STORAGE POOR STORAGE AND HANDLING RODENTS/INSECTS/FUNGI VARIES WITH FOOD AND REGION 2 TO 10%


FAMINE: FAMINE “A SUDDEN ERUPTION OF ACUTE FOOD DEPRIVATION AFFECTING A CONSIDERABLE SECTION OF THE POPULATION” WHAT CAUSES FAMINE? DROUGHT? CROP DISEASE? LACK OF FOOD SUPPLIES?


BENGAL FAMINE1943: BENGAL FAMINE1943 FISHERMEN NEEDED TO SELL FISH TO BUY HIGH CALORIE STAPLE (RICE) FISH PRICE FELL & RICE PRICE INCREASED STARVATION


BENGAL FAMINE 1943: BENGAL FAMINE 1943 BARBERS PEOPLE SKIPPED HAIR CUTS & RATE OF EXCHANGE BETWEEN HAIR CUTTING AND STAPLE FOOD FELL BY 80% STARVATION


BENGAL 1943: BENGAL 1943 LEAST AFFECTED MANY URBAN WAR WORKERS HAD INCREASED INCOMES WERE CONSUMING MORE FOOD AND DRIVING UP THE PRICE OF RICE


BENGAL 1943: BENGAL 1943 LITTLE DECLINE IN FOOD PRODUCTION OR TOTAL FOOD SUPPLY BUT INCREASE IN PRICE BECAUSE INCREASED URBAN DEMAND SPECULATIVE WITHHOLDING OF FOOD FROM THE MARKET


WHAT CAUSES FAMINE?: WHAT CAUSES FAMINE? SUDDEN LOSS BY A LARGE SECTION OF THE POPULATION OF THE ABILITY TO SUSTAIN ACCESS TO AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF FOOD? THE SECTION AFFECTED IS RARELY MORE THAN 10% THERE MAY BE NO OR ONLY A MODEST REDUCTION IN FOOD AVAILABLE ON THE MARKET FOOD COMMONLY MOVES OUT OF THE FAMINE AREA TO LESS AFFECTED AREAS


RELATIVE POVERTY: RELATIVE POVERTY WHO DO YOU COMPARE WHAT YOU SHOULD HAVE WITH? YOUR NEIGHBOURS OTHERS IN YOUR COUNTRY GLOBAL MEDIA MARKET GLOBAL ADVERTISING


POVERTY: POVERTY KEY DETERMINANT OF WHO SUFFERES ILL HEALTH WHO DIES FROM ILL HEALTH


CAUSES OF POVERTY?: CAUSES OF POVERTY? ABSOLUTE DEFICIENCY OF GOODS UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS IS OUR AFFLUENCE DEPENDENT ON OTHERS IMPOVERISHMENT?


REDUCING POVERTY?: REDUCING POVERTY? REALLOCATION/REDISTRIBTUION OF GOODS SHOULD IT BE DONE? CAN IT BE DONE? HOW SHOULD IT BE DONE? HOW MUCH REDISTRIBUTION IS RIGHT? DOES REDISTRIBUTION UNDERMINE PRODUCTION OF GOODS?


JUSTICE: JUSTICE FAIRNESS WHAT CAN BE EXPECTED TO BE CHOSEN IN A HYPOTHETICAL “ORIGINAL POSITION” WHAT BALANCE BETWEEN GENERARTION AGGREGATION & DISTRIBUTION WOULD YOU CHOOSE IF YOU DID NOT KNOW WHO YOU WOULD BE


IS THERE AN ACCEPTABLE LEVEL OF OF INEQUALITY: IS THERE AN ACCEPTABLE LEVEL OF OF INEQUALITY EQUALITY EVERYONE HAS THE SAME CAPABILITY EQUITY EVERYONE HAS A FAIR/MINIMUM SET OF CAPABILITIES


EQUITY: EQUITY THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IS THIS THE MINIMUM SET OF CAPABILITIES THAT ALL SHOULD HAVE


GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ABSOLUTE POVERTY: GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ABSOLUTE POVERTY sub-SAHARAN AFRICA SOUTH ASIA (INDIA) LOW INCOME LOW LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH ADULT FEMALE LITERACY


GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ABSOLUTE POVERTY: GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ABSOLUTE POVERTY AVERAGE LIFE EXPECTANCY IS NOT ALL 1991 INDIA MEDIAN AGE AT DEATH 37 YEARS Sub-SAHARAN AFRICA MEDIAN AGE AT DEATH 5 YEARS


GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ABSOLUTE POVERTY: GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ABSOLUTE POVERTY UNDERNOURISHMENT AFRICAN CHILDREN 20 TO 40% INDIA 40 TO 60% INDIA (NOT AFRICA) SELF SUFFICIENT IN FOOD IE PRODUCES ENOUGH FOOD TO SUPPLY MARKET DEMAND BUT MARKET DEMAND IS NOT ENOUGH INCOMES (FUELS MARKET DEMAND) IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS


CONTRASTING INDIA AND AFRICA OVER THE LAST 50 YEARS: CONTRASTING INDIA AND AFRICA OVER THE LAST 50 YEARS AFRICA PERSISTENT WARFARE POLITICAL INSTABILITY INDIA INFREQUENT WARFARE POLITICAL STABILITY


MAKING POVERTY HISTORY: MAKING POVERTY HISTORY MAKING DEGRADING WRETCHEDNESS HISTORY WOULD BE A START NOT GOING TO BE EASY HOW MUCH DO WE CARE? HOW MUCH CAN WE DO?


ENDS HERE: ENDS HERE