Nuclear power

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Nuclear Power Nuclear Physics

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Members Of The Team A.Sai Varsha G.Shashwathi Unnathi Ladda G.Akhila

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Nuclear Power Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge all our parents and our teacher Mrs. jyothi madam for helping us select this topic and bring it out as a success

History of Nuclear Physics : 

Nuclear Power History of Nuclear Physics 1907 Ernest Rutherford published "Radiation of the α Particle from Radium in passing through Matter" In 1911-2 Rutherford went before the Royal Society to explain the experiments and propound the new theory of the atomic nucleus Dmitri Ivanenko suggested that neutrons were in fact spin 1/2 particles and that the nucleus contained neutrons to explain the mass not due to protons, and that there were no electrons in the nucleus-- only protons and neutrons In 1935 Hideki Yukawa proposed the first significant theory of the strong force to explain how the nucleus holds together The study of the strong and weak nuclear forces (the latter explained by Enrico Fermi via Fermi's interaction in 1934) led physicists to collide nuclei and electrons at ever higher energies. This research became the science of particle physics, the crown jewel of which is the standard model of particle physics which unifies the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces.

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Nuclear Power Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of atomic nuclei. applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power and nuclear weapons medicine (nuclear medicine, magnetic resonance imaging) materials engineering (ion implantation) and archaeology (radiocarbon dating). What is Nuclear Physics and where is it applied?

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Nuclear Power Nuclear power is source of power (generally electrical) produced from controlled (i.e., non-explosive) nuclear reactions. The Nuclear fission reactions. Nuclear fusion. What is Nuclear Power and Name the types of it?

Nuclear fission : 

Nuclear Power Nuclear fission

Which of the two nuclear reactions are widely-used and why?So are we restricted to either on them? : 

Nuclear Power Which of the two nuclear reactions are widely-used and why?So are we restricted to either on them? Fission is widely used because of its hassle free nature when compared to Fusion Reaction. A large atom is broken down into smaller atoms with the release of huge amount of heat energy. World war 2 – Atom bomb dropped on Japan. Nuclear reactors involved in power production Fusion –takes place on the sun’s surface. By fusing two smaller atoms. Hydrogen Bomb which was tested at Pokhran 1985. As of now Fusion is possible only on Sun.

Uses of Nuclear Power : 

Nuclear Power Uses of Nuclear Power 2.1% of the world's energy and 15% of the world's electricity, Can be an abundant electrical energy in the power starved areas of the world". International research is continuing into safety improvements such as passively safe plants, the use of nuclear fusion, additional uses of process heat such as hydrogen production (in support of a hydrogen economy), for desalinating sea water, and for use in district heating systems.

How is Nuclear Power Produced? : 

Nuclear Power How is Nuclear Power Produced? The most familiar form of nuclear power is the sun. The process starts with mining. Uranium mines are underground, open-pit, or in-situ leach mines. Nuclear power plants use pellets to fuel the plants. A pellet contains approximately 3% U-235 that is encased in a ceramic matrix. The pellets are aligned in linear arrays that are interspersed with moveable control rods. The control rods act to dampen the nuclear reactions so that the nuclear reactions do not get out of control or to service the reactor

Materials used in producing nuclear power : 

Nuclear Power Materials used in producing nuclear power Nuclear Fuel Pellets Refueling the reactor core Schematic of reactor vessel

What is Uranium? : 

Nuclear Power What is Uranium? To produce fuel-grade uranium, the uranium has to be processed to produce uranium dioxide and to enrich or concentrate the U-235 in the fuel pellets. During this processing, depleted uranium (DU), enriched in U-238 and depleted in U-235, is produced. DU and enriched uranium have numerous civilian and military uses. Since U-235 is the most radioactive isotope of uranium, the removal of it to makes DU the least radioactive phase of uranium, but it still has heavy metal toxicity issues.

What is a Nuclear Reactor? : 

Nuclear Power What is a Nuclear Reactor? All nuclear reactors are devices designed to maintain a chain reaction producing a steady flow of neutrons generated by the fission of heavy nuclei. They are, however, differentiated either by their purpose or by their design features. In terms of purpose, they are either research reactors or power reactors. The two main types of reactors in use today are the pressurized (PWR) and boiling water (BWR) reactors.

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Nuclear Power Boiling Water Reactor

Pressurized water reactor : 

Nuclear Power Pressurized water reactor

Nuclear Power Plants : 

Nuclear Power Nuclear Power Plants Comanche Peak Power Plant, Glen Rose, TX Goesgen, Beznau, Leibstadt (Switzerland). South Texas, Houston Ottawa, Canada

Power Plants In India : 

Nuclear Power Power Plants In India

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Nuclear Power 1). India has a flourishing and largely indigenous nuclear power program and expects to have 20,000 MWe nuclear capacity on line by 2020 and 63,000 MWe by 2032.  It aims to supply 25% of electricity from nuclear power by 2050.  2). Because India is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty due to its weapons program, it has been for 34 years largely excluded from trade in nuclear plant or materials, which has hampered its development of civil nuclear energy until 2009. 3).Due to these trade bans and lack of indigenous uranium, India has uniquely been developing a nuclear fuel cycle to exploit its reserves of thorium.  4). Now, foreign technology and fuel are expected to boost India's nuclear power plans considerably.  All plants will have high indigenous engineering content. India has a vision of becoming a world leader in nuclear technology due to its expertise in fast reactors and thorium fuel cycle. Nuclear Power in India

Countries with Nuclear power : 

Nuclear Power Countries with Nuclear power Nations that are known or believed to possess nuclear weapons are sometimes referred to as the nuclear club. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): In order of acquisition of nuclear weapons these are: the United States, Russia the United Kingdom, France, and China. North Korea had been a party to the NPT but withdrew in 2003. Israel is also widely believed to have nuclear weapons, though it has refused to confirm or deny this. South Africa has the unique status of a nation that developed nuclear weapons but has since disassembled its arsenal before joining the NPT.

What does a nuclear power plant require? : 

Nuclear Power What does a nuclear power plant require? The raw materials required to produce nuclear power are: heavy water plant Normal water Thermal Power Uranium Labour

Is it feasible to have a nuclear power plant in this coal belt area? : 

Nuclear Power Is it feasible to have a nuclear power plant in this coal belt area? To start a power plant we need all the raw materials stated above. other than them, land, transportation and labour are required. In the coal belt areas of Paloncha, Kothagudem, Ashwapuram, Manuguru, Sattupalli. All the raw materials are available except uranium which is available in Nalgonda. If the separate Telangana emerges Nalgonda which is least developed district in AP becomes a very popular place in whole world as it comes out as a nuclear power plant.

What do you say to the above information, yes or no? : 

Nuclear Power What do you say to the above information, yes or no? Lets look at the requirements for this plant. Sea-shore/ water Raw materials quake-free zone Land-area Man-power Transportation By looking above we can understand that only some things of the above are available to us, so that a nuclear power plant in this coal belt area is not possible.

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Nuclear Power NUCLEAR BOMBS

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Nuclear Power A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter; a modern thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than a thousand kilograms can produce an explosion comparable to the detonation of more than a billion kilograms of conventional high explosive. Thus, even single small nuclear devices no larger than traditional bombs can devastate an entire city by blast, fire and radiation. Nuclear weapons are considered weapons of mass destruction, and their use and control has been a major focus of international relations policy since their debut. Finally to Nuclear Bombs

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Nuclear Power There are two basic types of nuclear weapon. The first type produces its explosive energy through nuclear fission reactions alone. Such fission weapons are commonly referred to as atomic bombs or atom bombs (abbreviated as A-bombs), though their energy comes specifically from the nucleus of the atom. In fission weapons, a mass of fissile material (enriched uranium or plutonium) is assembled into a supercritical mass—the amount of material needed to start an exponentially growing nuclear chain reaction—either by shooting one piece of sub-critical material into another (the "gun" method), or by compressing a sub-critical sphere of material using chemical explosives to many times its original density (the "implosion" method) The amount of energy released by fission bombs can range between the equivalent of less than a ton of TNT upwards to around 500,000 tons (500 kilotons) of TNT. The second basic type of nuclear weapon produces a large amount of its energy through nuclear fusion reactions. Such fusion weapons are generally referred to as thermonuclear weapons or more colloquially as hydrogen bombs (abbreviated as H-bombs), as they rely on fusion reactions between isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium and tritium). However, all such weapons derive a significant portion – and sometimes a majority – of their energy from fission (including fission induced by neutrons from fusion reactions) Thermonuclear bombs work by using the energy of a fission bomb in order to compress and heat fusion fuel. Types Of Nuclear Weapons

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Nuclear Power Nuclear warfare strategy is a way for either fighting or avoiding a nuclear war. The policy of trying to ward off a potential attack by a nuclear weapon from another country by threatening nuclear retaliation is known as the strategy of nuclear deterrence. The goal in deterrence is to always maintain a second strike status and potentially to strive for first strike status .During the Cold War, policy and military theorists in nuclear-enabled countries worked out models of what sorts of policies could prevent one from ever being attacked by a nuclear weapon. Different forms of nuclear weapons delivery allow for different types of nuclear strategy, primarily by making it difficult to defend against them and difficult to launch a pre-emptive strike against them. Sometimes this has meant keeping the weapon locations hidden, such as putting it on submarines or train cars whose locations are very hard for an enemy to track, and other times this means burying them in hardened bunkers. Other responses have included attempts to make it seem likely that the country could survive a nuclear attack, by using missile defense (to destroy the missiles before they land) or by means of civil defense (using early warning systems to evacuate citizens to a safe area before an attack). Nuclear Strategy

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Nuclear Power ­Nuclear bombs involve the forces, strong and weak, that hold the nucleus of an atom together, especially atoms with unstable nuclei. There are two basic ways that nuclear energy can be released from an atom: 1. Nuclear fission - You can split the nucleus of an atom into two smaller fragments with a neutron. This method usually involves isotopes of uranium (uranium-235, uranium-233) or plutonium-239. 2. Nuclear fusion -You can bring two smaller atoms, usually hydrogen or hydrogen isotopes (deuterium, tritium), together to form a larger one (helium or helium isotopes); this is how the sun produces energy In either process, fission or fusion, large amounts of heat energy and radiation are given off. To build an atomic bomb, you need: 1. A source of fissionable or fusionable fuel 2. A triggering device 3. A way to allow the majority of fuel to fission or fuse before the explosion occurs (otherwise the bomb will fizzle out) How Nuclear Bomb Works?

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Nuclear Power Target---is an important aspect of nuclear weapons relating both to nuclear weapon design and nuclear strategy. especially with the advent of miniaturization, nuclear bombs can be delivered by both strategic bombers and tactical fighter-bombers, allowing an air force to use its current fleet with little or no modification nuclear bombs can be delivered by both strategic bombers and tactical fighter-bombers More preferable from a strategic point of view are nuclear weapons mounted onto a missile, which can use a ballistic trajectory to deliver a warhead over the horizon. Weapons Delivery

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Nuclear Power Effects Of the Nuclear Bombs

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Nuclear Power A fraction of a second after a nuclear explosion, the heat from the fireball causes a high-pressure wave to develop and move outward producing the blast effect. The front of the blast wave, i.e., the shock front, travels rapidly away from the fireball, a moving wall of highly compressed air. The effects of the blast wave on a typical wood framed house.The air immediately behind the shock front is accelerated to high velocities and creates a powerful wind. These winds in turn create dynamic pressure against the objects facing the blast. Shock waves cause a virtually instantaneous jump in pressure at the shock front. The combination of the pressure jump (called the overpressure) and the dynamic pressure causes blast damage. Both the overpressure and the dynamic pressure reach to their maximum values upon the arrival of the shock wave. They then decay over a period ranging from a few tenths of a second to several seconds, depending on the blast's strength and the yield. Blast Effects

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Nuclear Power A primary form of energy from a nuclear explosion is thermal radiation. Initially, most of this energy goes into heating the bomb materials and the air in the vicinity of the blast. Temperatures of a nuclear explosion reach those in the interior of the sun, about 100,000,000° Celsius, and produce a brilliant fireball . Two pulses of thermal radiation emerge from the fireball. The first pulse, which lasts about a tenth of a second, consists of radiation in the ultraviolet region. The second pulse which may last for several seconds, carries about 99 percent of the total thermal radiation energy. It is this radiation that is the main cause of skin burns and eye injuries suffered by exposed individuals and causes combustible materials to break into flames. Thermal radiation damage depends very strongly on weather conditions. Clouds or smoke in the air can considerably reduce effective damage ranges versus clear air conditions. Thermal Effects

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Nuclear Power Examples of Countries Who Faced Nuclear Bombs

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Nuclear Power At the time of its bombing, Hiroshima was a city of some industrial and military significance. The city was a communications center, a storage point, and an assembly area for troops. It was one of several Japanese cities left deliberately untouched by American bombing, allowing a pristine environment to measure the damage caused by the atomic bomb. citation needed . The center of the city contained several reinforced concrete buildings and lighter structures. Outside the center, the area was congested by a dense collection of small wooden workshops set among Japanese houses. A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city. The houses were constructed of wood with tile roofs, and many of the industrial buildings were also built around wood frames. The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage. The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war, At the time of the attack the population was approximately 340,000-350,000. Because official documents were burned, the exact population is uncertain. The Enola Gay and its crew, who dropped the "Little Boy" atomic bomb on Hiroshima . Hiroshima During World War II

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Nuclear Power Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on August 6, with Kokura and Nagasaki being alternative targets. At nearly 08:00, the radar operator in Hiroshima determined that the number of planes coming in was very small—probably not more than three—and the air raid alert was lifted. The normal radio broadcast warning was given to the people that it might be advisable to go to air-raid shelters if B-29s were actually sighted, but no raid was expected beyond some sort of reconnaissance. The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the gravity bomb known as "Little Boy", a gun-type fission weapon with 60 kilograms (130 lb) of uranium-235, took 57 seconds to fall from the aircraft to the predetermined detonation height about 600 meters (2,000 ft) above the city. Seizo Yamada's ground level photo taken from approximately 7 km northeast of Hiroshima. The Bombing

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Nuclear Power Eizo Nomura was the closest known survivor, who was in the basement of a modern "Rest House" only 100 m (330 ft) from ground-zero at the time of the attack. Akiko Takakura was among the closest survivors to the hypocenter of the blast. She had been in the solidly built Bank of Hiroshima only 300 meters (980 ft) from ground-zero at the time of the attack. This building was designed and built by the Czech architect Jan Letzel, and was only 150 m (490 ft) from ground zero (the hypocenter). The ruin was named Hiroshima Peace Memorial and was made a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1996 over the objections of the U.S. and China . The Memorial monument for Hiroshima was built in Hiroshima for bombing victims. Small-scale recreation of the Nakajima area around ground zero. Survival Of Some Structure

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Nuclear Power The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest sea ports in southern Japan and was of great wartime importance because of its wide-ranging industrial activity, including the production of ordnance, ships, military equipment, and other war materials. In contrast to many modern aspects of Hiroshima, almost all of the buildings were of old-fashioned Japanese construction, consisting of wood or wood-frame buildings with wood walls (with or without plaster) and tile roofs. Nagasaki had never been subjected to large-scale bombing prior to the explosion of a nuclear weapon there. On August 1, 1945, however, a number of conventional high-explosive bombs were dropped on the city. The Bockscar and its crew, who dropped the "Fat Man" atomic bomb on Nagasaki. Nagasakhi During World War II

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Nuclear Power On the morning of August 9, 1945, the U.S. B-29 Superfortress Bockscar, flown by the crew of 393rd Squadron commander Major Charles W. Sweeney, carried the nuclear bomb code-named "Fat Man", with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target. At about 07:50 Japanese time, an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki, but the "all clear" signal was given at 08:30. When only two B-29 Super fortresses were sighted at 10:53, the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given. At 11:01, a last minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed Bockscar's bombardier, Captain Kermit Beahan, to visually sight the target as ordered. The "Fat Man" weapon, containing a core of ~6.4 kg (14.1 lbs.) of plutonium-239, was dropped over the city's industrial valley. It exploded 43 seconds later at 469 meters (1,540 ft) above the ground exactly halfway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works (Torpedo Works) in the north. The Bombing

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Nuclear Power The surviving victims of the bombings are called hibakusha :a Japanese word that literally translates to "explosion-affected people." The suffering caused by the bombing has led Japan to seek the abolition of nuclear weapons from the world ever since, exhibiting one of the world's firmest non-nuclear policies. As of March 31, 2009, 235,569 hibakusha were recognized by the Japanese government, most living in Japan. The government of Japan recognizes about 1% of these as having illnesses caused by radiation. The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings. Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings, as of August 2009 the memorials record the names of more than 410,000 hibakusha—263,945 in Hiroshima and 149,226 in Nagasaki. Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter, or ground zero, of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki. The Hibakusha

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Nuclear Power Effects Of Nuclear Power

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Nuclear Power

Nuclear Power is : 

Nuclear Power Nuclear Power is Unnecessary Expensive Dangerous Produces radio active waste that will be dangerous for hundreds of thousands of years Always connected to nuclear weapons

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Nuclear Power the sun the wind the land the waters Energy