Quiz 2.18.09 :Quiz 2.18.09 Why did England feel the need to heavily tax America: What is the Enlightenment: What is a Salon:


Quiz 2.27.09 :Quiz 2.27.09 What is a Coup? How did Napoleon reward his military: What were the reform movements or revolutions of the 1840s about?


Quiz 2.19.08 :Quiz 2.19.08 Name 1 enlightened despot Name 2 great contribution of Benjamin Franklin Where was the new Colonial government formed in America when they wanted independence


Revolutions Reshape the World :Revolutions Reshape the World 1750-1870


On the Eve of Revolutions :On the Eve of Revolutions These new revolutions will turn the world upside down The older order of Europe that was based on Medieval power will shift to a new order where more are involved in politics and economies are open for competition New questions is raised: Who has the right to raise new taxes or govern a people Rivalries in Europe grew stronger in the 1600s New Netherlands attacked the American and Asian colonies of Spain and Portugal Dutch went for Spanish boats and took part of Brazil


On the Eve of Revolutions :On the Eve of Revolutions Great Britain emerged as another great sea power. By the end of the 1600s GB had taken over the commercial trade the Dutch once had Major European wars occurred War of Spanish Succession in 1701 War of Austrian Succession in 1739 French and Indian War of 1756 All wars were over land Britain seemed the victor in most battles. The French and Indian war gave the British all land in North America and most of India All wars at this point were now very expensive and traditional taxes couldn’t cover all costs The need for new means of revenue provoked a debate over who was allowed to tax the people


Enlightenment :Enlightenment New intellectual age of reason 1st encyclopedia was made at this time from Diderot New questions arose about how a society should be governed Women were finally involved in this mvmt Middle class women held salons, purchased books This mvmt deeply influence the middle class in Europe. Members of this class were eager to buy books, and become more intellectual Some enlightenment thinkers looked to the new world for confirmation that human nature could create their own government and act appropriately


Enlightenment :Enlightenment John Locke English people have the right to rebel their gov. life, liberty, and property All are born with a black slate Thomas Hobbes English Monarchy Social Contract People are corrupt


Enlightenment :Enlightenment Rousseau French Social Contract Believes people are not trustworthy People should do what is best for the greater good Montesquieu French Checks and Balances Spirit of the Laws Believes people should govern themselves


Enlightenment :Enlightenment Voltaire Great critic of religion Some rules could be agents of reform Most outspoken and unique in his thought Diderot Encyclopedia Liked by enlightened despots


Enlightened Despots :Enlightened Despots Catherine the Great of Russia, Joseph II of Austria, and Frederick the Great of Prussia These rulers understood a government may have more control if the people are somewhat involved Encouraged to create a legislature or legal system The monarchs did allow some reform, but censorship was greatly used


Salon :Salon


Enlightenment cont… :Enlightenment cont… Benjamin Franklin came to symbolize the natural genius and potential in America Very intelligent and skilled in writing, made bifocals, efficient wood burning stove, 1st free library Very wealthy man, but continued to work to improve America-entered politics Helped create the Dec. of Indep in 1776 Traveled to England and France reading works of Locke and Montesquieu Enlightenment eventually caused people to question colonialism


Enlightenment cont… :Enlightenment cont… Many did reject the Enlightenment seeing the risks it would cause French Argued that faith makes you happy and one must be dutiful to their nation This group will create a new ideology-conservativism Many in the world remained loyal to their regular cultures and values Many emphasized the obligations people felt for one another locally, NOT nationally


Eve of Revolutions :Eve of Revolutions Monarchs tried to increase their authority to collect more taxes and control all legal systems The common people viewed these tactics as a violation of their own rights Saw bread riots, tax protests, attacks on royal officials Hard drinking, gambling, cockfighting were popular activities at this time and no one wanted that taken away 1750-1850 people had uprisings in response to their governments strict control With political ideologies and urban riots together in protest the rebellions became very large and successful-some even overthrew their governments


Quiz 2.20.09 :Quiz 2.20.09 What group made up the 2nd Estate in France: Where did loyalists go after the American Revolution: Why did Britain lose the American Revolution


American Revolution :American Revolution Britain tried to take too much control over a colony they had once given many freedoms Not only did Britain try to control the government in America they soon tried to control how far colonists could move west. The British didn’t have the money to pay for potential wars with the Indians if the colonists did continue moving Britain not only controlled the colonists but the Indians as well. Many native had become dependent on the exchange of goods btwn the British


American Revolution :American Revolution Britain and the natives had major disagreements about the cost of trade goods The British would NOT pay the native the same price for furs-forcing the natives to sell the same amount of fur for a lower price A new battle ensued when the colonists were also hunting and vying for the same animals as the Indians Proclamation of 1763- Britain's answer to eh new challenges of the colonists Set a limit of how far the colonists could move west The frontier issues were the 1st problem btwn Britain and the Colonists


American Revolution :American Revolution The 2nd large problems came when Britain needed a way to find more money for their wars. The British began to heavily tax the colonists Stamp Act of 1765 was a tax on all paper goods Now not only are farmers of the lower calls angry, but upper class was also fighting back Planned boycotts on British goods and began making their own products at home Britain finally recalled the Stamp Act, but new taxes were put in its place


American Revolution :American Revolution 3rd strike against the British came when they put BR soldiers in to the homes of the colonists to keep the peace The British officials dissolved any local government the colonists had Boston Massacre and Boston tea part were the 2 final acts by the colonists before the war broke out Patriot leaders made new laws, new judges, and created their own militias The colonists refused to let the British keep them down The Radical leaders organized rallies against the loyalists to taunt those who supported the BR crown


American Revolution :American Revolution 1775-PAtiors created their own government in Philadelphia and made their own currency Elected George Washington as the leader of their army People all over the colonies rose in support of their new government Those who could read were quoting Thomas’ Paine's Common Sense 1776 Declaration of Independent was written Popular sovereignty and individual rights Over confidence and poor leadership prevented BR from stopping the revolution


American Revolution :American Revolution 1777 the Patriots won a decisive battle in NY France decided to join and help the colonists in 1778Gernral Cornwallis surrendered in 1781 Patriots signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783-unconditional independence to the colonies The loyalists fled to Canada All state legislatures were summoned to create a new constitution together Constitutional Convention May 1787 Washington was elected president Wanted 3 branches of gov. Power in both state and national level 2 house legislature


American Revolution :American Revolution The most democratic government of the time was created in America, but still most did not have equal rights Women had fought hard for independence, but were given no rights Slaves were still allowed, but this will be a new battle in 1808 Impact of the American Revolution on Europe Word spread through newspapers/magazines Turning of the tide in international politics Saw that liberal government can succeed Enlightenment was not just a utopian ideal Concept of freedom Concept of rights


Quiz 2.23.09 :Quiz 2.23.09 Why was France in such great debt leading into the 1770: What was the Tennis Court Oath: What man ruled the reign of Terror:


French Revolution :French Revolution French looked on and were influenced by the American revolution Salons in Paris were filled with people ready for change The French revolution will be far more violent and radical than the American First Estates First Estate = clergy - owned 10% of land, exempt from land tax, radically divided in wealth, parish priest was at the same level as a peasant Second Estates Second Estate = nobility - 25-30% of land owned, held high positions of power in the government, exempt from land tax, controlled nobility, married within their own class


French Revolution :French Revolution Third Estates Commoners Peasants = 75-80% of the population Serfdom no longer existed, had to pay village fees for everything, nobility could hunt on their land Skilled artisans, shopkeepers, and wage earners Nature of this class could be connected to the bread prices, rise in the price of grains often caused riots Bourgeoisie (middle class) Own 20-25% of the land, 8% of the population Similarities between wealthier bourgeoisie and nobility- they could move up to hold public office, frustrated with the monarchy


Causes of the French Revolution :Causes of the French Revolution Bad Harvests (1787 and 1788)-famine Poverty One-third of the population was poor Ideas of the Philosophes Criticism of privileges of the clergy and nobility Failure to Reform Obstruction of reform by the French Parlement Financial Crisis Mounting debt-excessive economic decline American aid cost too much money Calonne’s “assembly of notables” (1787)-controlleder of finance, proposed a revamp of the administrative system to gain support Calonne convened as assembly of nobles-they all refused to help Summoning of the Estates General (1789)-forced meeting and the king admitted he needed help in order to save the nation from bankruptcy


Estates General to the National Assembly :Estates General to the National Assembly 300 delegates each to the First and Second Estate 600 delegates to the Third Estate-double representation since this class was so large Strong legal and urban presence Wanted to abolish privilege On May 5, 1789, nearly 1,200 members of the Estates General met at Versailles. The king greeted all members of the 1st and 2nd estate, but made the 3rd estate wait for two hours before he addressed them. When word came that each estate would only receive 1 vote the 3rd estate stalled all political proceedings for weeks.


French Revolution :French Revolution


French Revolution Cont… :French Revolution Cont… Estates General meets May 5, 1789 Question of voting by order or head- of course the 1st 2 estates did not want to vote by head count since they would be greatly outnumbered National Assembly Constituted, June 17- 3rd estate decided to take matters into their own hands and write a new constitution Tennis Court Oath, June 20-1st step towards the French Reolvution-3rd estate had to meet on a tennis court since they were locked out of their meeting hall At the Tennis Court Oath the 3rd estate decided to fight together for change


Effects of the Tennis Court Oath :Effects of the Tennis Court Oath The king finally made some changes to the constitution: abolished a tax on land abolished labor tax eliminated internal tariffs decided the Estates General would vote by head count, but only on matters that did not concern the ancient constitutional rights. By June 22, the king was abandoned by most people of the 1st and 2nd estate.


French Revolution cont… :French Revolution cont… The high ranking members of the 3rd estate did NOT want the commoners to interfere with the revolution Attack on the Bastille, July 14,1789 thousands seized weapons and stormed towards the Bastille. It’s believed about 80,000 people believed this old prison held weapons and they felt it was a symbol of the king’s cruel reign. More than 200 attackers were wounded and killed as they fought the few guards in the Bastille. The king was still unfazed. Louis XVI abandoned Paris signaling the collapse of his royal authority Peasant rebellions, July 19-August 3Due to the success of the estates general and the storming of the Bastille, villagers in their own towns began to attack anything that belonged to a noble. Peasants burned deeds of the noblemen, came to be known as the Great Fear. Rumors began to swell that nobles were planning to starve out the peasants by burning their crops. The peasants also thought that nobles would hire foreign troops to put down the peasant revolts


Fall of Louis XVI-Old Regime :Fall of Louis XVI-Old Regime Feudal laws were banned New French flag was created Seigniorial rights abolished, August 4, 1789-no noble could allow someone to buy their position of power Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen August 26 Charter of basic liberties Rights for all, similar to the American Declaration Does this include women? Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791, completely ignored by all men, they thought this was a joke Louis XVI remained in Versailles as Paris was drastically changing The Women’s March to Versailles October 5, 1789- demanding bread, followed by the national guard Return of the king to Paris-forced to return to Paris and arrived on the 6 of October, he was now seen as a prisoner


Fall of Louis XVI cont… :Fall of Louis XVI cont… The Catholic Church Church became an enemy of the revolution A New Constitution Establishment of a constitutional monarchy with real power residing in the Legislative Assembly Distinction made between an active citizen - one who could vote a passive citizen, one who could NOT vote Administrative restructuring-abolished all of the old provinces and divided France into 83 departments Opposition from Within Growth of opposition to new order-Clergy, Peasants, and Radical new groups were formed Jacobins-at 1st were just a small discussion group, but great to have over 900 members Continuing financial pressure Louis XVI tried to leave France again in 1791


Opposition from Abroad :Opposition from Abroad Other nations saw the French Revolution as a threat to their safety Aug 27, 1791 Emperor Leopold II of Austria got together with Prussian King Frederick William II and issued Declaration of Pillnitz (1791)-plan to have all monarchs in Europe work together to end the revolution in France European monarchs all ignored this plea Declaration of war on Austria, April 20, 1792-Legislative Assembly declared war in hopes that the people of France would forget about the revolution and focus on a war with a true enemy The French lost to Austria from the beginning, make the revolution within France even worse


Revolution takes a radical turn :Revolution takes a radical turn National Convention, September 1792-radical Parisian groups reorganized and took the king captive, forced the end of the monarchy, and called for another major meeting-led by the Sans-culottes Universal male suffrage Abolition of the monarchy, September 21 As the beginning stages of the revolution waged on many French nobles or émigrés moved into exile. Thousands of traitors were arrested and massacred In September, 1792 the new members of the national convention began a 3rd session and again planned a 3rd construction National convention was again dominated by new lawyers, professionals, and property owners Almost all were new to politics All relatively young All distrusted the king


The National Convention :The National Convention Republic form of government abolished guilds Established civil marriage lowered age for marriage Permitted divorce Specified that inheritance must be divided equally amongst siblings Abolished slavery National convention soon split up after this 12 motion into 3 groups Jacobin, Girondins, Sans-Culottes


Split of the National Convention :Split of the National Convention In Paris and in the provinces the Girondins and the Jacobins fought. The Girondins were popularly identified with opposing centralizing power, and wanting local political control. Jacobins were focused on centralizing the power of the government. They wanted to save the capital from treason and foreign invasions. The National Convention soon became so divided each club had there own area of seating. Jacobins were to the left, their area was raised higher than the others, and it became known as the mountain The middle section became known as the plains. This area had several different clubs that were pulled either way. These people were indecisive. The Girondins and Sans Culottes were to the right. They were the moderates.


Jacobin’s take over :Jacobin’s take over Mountain takes power with a larger group of people and moves to have Louis XVI beheaded for treason Jan 21 1793 Louis XVI is killed Paris the local government was controlled by the Commune-leaders who were shopkeepers and artisans Commune wanted radical change Commune in 1793 invaded the national convention and forced the arrest of any and all moderates-Girondins and Sans culottes Jacobins had officially taken over


Quiz 2.25.09 :Quiz 2.25.09 Why was the was with Russia a HUGE mistake for Napoleon: How did Napoleon change France for the better: What was the Congress of Vienna:


Foreign powers fear France :Foreign powers fear France After Louis XVI’s death an informal coalition was formed with Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain and the Dutch The national convention faced new crisis when this European coalition wanted to reinstate a king The new government of France now fought 2 battles 1 at home and 1 in foreign territories A new branch of government was formed called the Committee of Public Safety -ruled by Danton-12 members


Reign of Terror :Reign of Terror July 1793-July 1794-forced all French people to take some part in the revolution Able to raise an army over 1 million people Facing foreign invasion and civil insurgency the Jacobins further centralized government authority and implemented the “Terror” against those considered enemies of the Revolution. The convention set aside a planned constitution of 1793. The Terror included laws reducing the rights of the accused the establishment of special courts and the prosecution of those considered disloyal Maximilien Robespierre eventually became one of biggest supporters in the Reign of Terror


Robespierre :Robespierre


Reign of Terror cont… :Reign of Terror cont… Maximilien Robespierre leading figure on the Committee of Public Safety Threatened by the sans culottes Grew up with Lawyers Gradually moved up in social class even though he was poor as a young man Nicknamed “incorruptible” due to his perfect grooming The Jacobins were so intent on starting a new way of life in France that they went as far as making a new calendar in October of 1793. This new calendar was based on weeks or cycles of 10 days. The first day of this calendar began September 1, when the new republic took over France. Jacobin’s also created a new symbol for this new country. The used a female liberty image. Churches were closed, crosses removed, no Sunday in the calendar, and no religious holidays This was the first Jacobin idea to fail drastically. Not only did people refuse to follow this idea, it also made many members of the Jacobin party leave to join other groups.


Revolution carries to the Colonies :Revolution carries to the Colonies Equality and Slavery Abolished slavery in 1791 Colonies refused to follow this order Revolt in Saint Dominique-led by Toussaint L'Ouverture and took control of Haiti in 1801 Napoleon during his reign killed L'Ouverture and reinstated slavery in the colonies


Committee of Public Safety :Committee of Public Safety During the time of the terror around 11,000 to 18,000 people died at the hands of the Committee of Public Safety About 15% of those killed were nobles or clergy. By May of 1794 there were rumors of who would be next, when will this end? There was even an assassination attempt on Robespierre’s life. Robespierre’s new ideas were far more radical than anyone ever expected. He wanted to create a cult of Supreme Being that would serve as a constant reminder of justice. The revolutionary tribunal still existed in June 1794. They used there powers to send over 1300 people to the guillotine in just 6 weeks. Finally out of pure fear that anyone could be next on Robespierre’s hit list a group led by Paul Barra planned an attack on Robespierre. On July 27, 1794 Robespierre was arrested at the town hall of Paris. In an attempt to die heroically Robespierre tried to shoot himself in the face, but instead of killing himself it only broke his jaw. 100 others from the Jacobin party were guillotined after them as well.


Directory :Directory Thermidorian Reaction- after dismantling the Paris Commune, the Victor of Thermidor, the name taken from the period in the revolutionary calendar- set about establishing a new national government. Finally in late 1794 the Committee of Public Safety was abolished. Jacobin clubs were banned for life. Churches were reopened New Constitution in 1795 New 2 house legislature in place All men that paid taxes and were over 21 could vote The Directory- A new government of 5 man rule was established. The period of the directory was marked by great political instability, shaped by ongoing wars and economic hardships. Although the directory did lead the French in a better direction they too were overthrown by conspirators, the most famous Napoleon Bonaparte.


Age of Napoleon :Age of Napoleon During Napoleon’s rule he claims to be the true son of the French Revolution. He personally supervised the writing of the constitution, supervised the new wealth of France personally controlled who would belong to what social class. Napoleon himself was as a savior who carried “liberty, equality, and fraternity” to all. He was born on the succeeded island of Corsica in 1769. His family was of nobility, father a lawyer, and he was elected to enter military school, due to their family name. At school Napoleon excelled quickly, but was constantly picked on by the other kids due to his accent and low family status.


Napoleon cont… :Napoleon cont… Napoleon encouraged the revolution because he felt the old regime abused their power. Napoleon became a Jacobin during the revolution. Thankfully due to his military expertise he was spared during the White Terror. 1792- became captain/1794 named Brigadier General at the young age of 25 By 1796 he had already married Josephine de Beaharnais-6 years older than Napoleon, known to cheat on him throughout marriage Due to more successful battles abroad in Italy and Austria his fame grew as the revolution puttered out. With the help of Napoleon and his men France defeated all enemies, but Britain. (Be the demise of Napoleon) Napoleon failed to take control of Egypt and left his men behind to return to France, he was only 30. With the military brain of Napoleon and along with many supporters he led a successful coup d’etat over the Directory in 1799.


Napoleon as leader of France :Napoleon as leader of France He had a constitution written immediately. He made peace with the Catholic Church. In 1801 Napoleon singed a Concordat. This declared Catholicism the religion of the majority. He named himself consulate for life in 1802 and began to establish a hereditary empire for France. 1804 Napoleon claimed himself Emperor for life Unlike almost all rulers before him Napoleon was part of every aspect of government. He wrote all of his own documents, rarely slept, and always made the final decision on all government matters.


Napoleonic Code :Napoleonic Code New civil code was established in 1804- very similar to the code Justinian created for the Byzantine Empire. This code focused mainly on the rights of property owners. The code had over 2,000 items addressed about the rules for the land. It continued to forbid unions. It also continued the control of a patriarchal family. Women still lacked many rights with the new codes. Napoleon felt that the only job a woman should have is producing children. Children will still have equal inheritance over the family’s wealth. This code not only became law in France, but in Switzerland, Sardinia (Italy), and the Netherlands.


Napoleon Changes the rights to Social Classes :Napoleon Changes the rights to Social Classes The social hierarchy no longer was affected by blood, but on service to the state, especially through the army. He was known to reward his men greatly with promotions and decorative medals. In May 1802 Napoleon created the Legion of Honor- rewarding those who served the nation with distinction. Incessant warfare was the most fundamental characteristic of Napoleon’s empire. Two main pillars of Napoleon’s dynasty were Military and bureaucracy. Blood relations meant very little to napoleon. People had to earn their respect in his eyes. Between 1808 and 1814 Napoleon created over 3,600 titles for the men that aided his cause. More than half of these men elected had come from his military.


Quiz 3.2.09 :Quiz 3.2.09 Why were people in France, Russia, Austria revolting in 1848 What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna: What man was in charge of the Congress of Vienna:


Napoleon’s Empire and Warfare :Napoleon’s Empire and Warfare While Napoleon brought government stability to France he didn’t do the same with the foreign countries. In the early 1800’s France was still at war with the second coalition- England, Russia, and Austria. 1801 France had once again defeated Austria and taken all of their lands in Italy and the Netherlands. By 1802 Austria was out, Russia was busy fighting a war with the Ottomans, and England didn’t want to fight alone. The British signed the Peace of Amiens in March-giving France all of their continental gains in war and all their colonies abroad. Napoleon bored, turned to the Holy Roman Empire or German states for new land to conquer. France had already gained the Rhine River, a very strategic location that will affect history for ever.


Napoleon’s Warfare cont… :Napoleon’s Warfare cont… In July 1805 Russia and Austria joined Britain once again to from the Third Coalition. Undaunted Napoleon readied an army and ships to attack the English Channel. In 1805 a French decoy fleet lured Horatio Nelson’s (British) fleet into pursuit. Hoping to inflict a crushing defeat on England the hunters soon became the hunted. The French fleet sailed from Spain back towards French ports. On October 21, 1805- the royal navy caught the French in the middle of their secret plan and broke the French line. Nelson and his men earned one of the most decisive victories at Cape Trafalgar. Any chance for a French invasion of England ended just as quickly as it began.


Napoleon vs. Russia :Napoleon vs. Russia As Napoleon wanted to continue expanding his borders he was given a reason to attack Russia when they reopened their ports to trade with Britain. Napoleon prepared for war by aligning with Austria and Prussia. In June 1812, Napoleon and 600,000 men marched to Russia. As Napoleon’s men marched farther east the Russian troops continued to retreat farther into their country with little warfare occurring at all. Napoleon did have a great army at one time, but his troops were spread too thin. Some of his best leaders were stuck in Spain, others had deserted or died. With the lack of officers this time around not everyone was trained as well as they should have been. Napoleon needed numbers and didn’t care how prepared they were for war


Napoleon vs. Russia cont… :Napoleon vs. Russia cont… Disease, heat, and hunger took a toll on Napoleon’s army. Napoleon’s marshals begged him to stop, but he was too tempted by the possibility of defeating Russia officially. Napoleon pushed on to Moscow where the two armies will finally meet. 68,000 were killed before the Russian army retreated. Once Napoleon reached Moscow he found it deserted. Not the city of great wealth he had hoped for, the people of Russia had burned everything in site. Thus began one of Russia’s best war tactics- scorched earth policies. Napoleon found his troops at a loss with little food and lack of sufficient funds. He tried to march his men back to Paris, but it was still 1500 miles away. The retreat back to Paris began on October 19, 1812. Russian troops heckled the French all the way home forcing them to take a longer route than expected. What Napoleon didn’t know was the Russian troops were waiting for him at the Berezina River, where they killed thousands of French soldiers. Many more died from the freezing winter on their march home. Only about 40,000 men returned from the horrible battle with Russia. Napoleon not only was hated for having so many troops die, but rumors spread how he left his men behind and rode home on horse back.


End of Napoleon :End of Napoleon By 1814 an allied army of 200,000 moved into eastern France encouraging a decision to be made by Napoleon. Learning from Napoleon’s military skills the allied troops pressed on until they reached Paris in March 1814. Finally Napoleon abdicated the throne in April and took poison hoping to kill himself. The poison was not strong enough and he lived to see his own exile. The allies sought to restore the Bourbon monarchy on the throne in France, and the senate wished for Louis XVI’s brother: Louis XVIII Allies had exiled Napoleon to Elba


Quiz 3.4.09 :Quiz 3.4.09 What type of political ideology is a Tory: Who takes over France after Louis XVIII:


100 Days War :100 Days War March 1815, Napoleon escaped from his exile on Elba and landed near the French coast. The word that Napoleon had landed in France and was marching North with a small band of followers spread. The allies quickly raised an army of 700,000 against Napoleon’s 200,000 and engaged in battle in Austria. Napoleon pushed on until Waterloo (June 1815) where his fate would be sealed. Here, Wellington, the British general, had skillfully hidden the extent of his massive army. The defeat on Napoleon was devastating. Napoleon abdicated the throne once more, but this time was sent very far away to Saint Helena. This island was over a thousand miles away from all civilization. As his health declined he still plotted how to defeat the rest of Europe and rule the world once more. He died on May 5, 1821.


Napoleon’s Legacy :Napoleon’s Legacy He guaranteed the survival of some of the French revolutions most significant triumphs. His code proclaimed equality of all people before the law, personal freedom, and the inviolability of property. He consolidated the role of wealth, principally property ownership, increased the number of citizens eligible to vote. He created new tax structures, standardized weights and measures, ended internal customs barriers, abolished guilds, proclaimed freedom of worship. About 2 million men served under his army. 90,000 died 600,000 were recorded as prisoners or disappeared after Napoleon abdicated the throne. Napoleon claimed, “If I had succeeded, I would have been the greatest man known to history.”


Congress of Vienna :Congress of Vienna When the Congress of Vienna, Quadruple Alliance or Concert of Europe, met the countries represented were Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, and Russia. The most dominant figures of the meeting were the Austrian Chancellor Prince Klemens von Metternich and the British Foreign Secretary Viscount Robert Castlereagh. At the Congress of Vienna Prussia, Russia, and Austria all signed the Holy Alliance, this was a document stating that religious values would keep the countries from war. Britain refused to sign- they felt this treaty was ridiculous. The Congress of Vienna drew a map of Europe that lasted for several generations. Under Metternich it became known as the Congress System-restored the principle of dynastic legitimacy and balance of power in Europe. This specifically brought back Louis XVIII to power in France


Quadruple Alliance :Quadruple Alliance 1795- Poland is named a country finally, but they are still controlled primarily by Russia. Poland is only the size of Warsaw June 1815 the German states or confederation were also created, but they are still much divided. They were too proud of their own personal traditions and by no means cared about unity. France also lost territory on all sides German states took the Rhine to the East Netherlands were enlarged in the North Piedmont Sardinia was enlarged to the South


Great Britain and the Tories :Great Britain and the Tories 1815-Great Britain was controlled by the aristocratic landowners who dominated both houses House of Commons-controlled by landed gentry and suffrage was not equal Tory-landed class, dominate gov until 1833, don’t want change ever Whigs-landed class, some middle class men who were wealthy from the IR Major economic difficulties in 1815 Tories create Corn Law in 1815 after agricultural prices fall-placed high tariffs on foreign grain forcing people to buy local Price of bread goes up for all people and the working class pay the price Mass Protests-Saint Peter’s fields 1819 huge riot -11 dead Peterloo Massacre Parliament is worse Government restricted large meetings and no pamphlets among the poor


France after Napoleon :France after Napoleon Louis XVIII (r. 1814 – 1824)-Bourbon Family Realized he needed to keep some of Napoleon’s new codes Equality under the law Bicameral legislature Liberals oppose Louis Ultra royalists-emerge criticize the king, wanted a monarchy that would allow privilege to dominate the poor-wanted Catholic to be 1st faith 1824 Louis XVIII died and brother Charles X ruled 1825-Charles X began to change all of Louis XVIII’s rules Gave the rich all land back Encouraged all to be Catholic Religious schools Public Outrage in 1827-forced Charles X to compromise and accept ministerial responsibility = ministers of the kings were responsible for legislature 1829-Charles X reneged all he promised 1830-Parlimemt dissolved


Nationalism and Revolution :Nationalism and Revolution Part of a community with common institutions, traditions, language, and customs The community is called a “nation” Nationalist ideology-started in France during the revolution Allied with liberalism


Europe in 1848 :Europe in 1848 Europe became even stronger after the revolutions of 1848 1st time workers put forward organized demands for political rights France was left very Republican German/Italian states were working towards nationalism Portugal was very liberal Demands for universal male suffrage, political rights for women, change to middle class Habsburg family of Austria still rules much of Central Europe, but their power is in question