2. Start of WWII

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Identify the major Allied and Axis Powers and their leaders. Describe Germany’s conquest of large sections of Europe. Describe the American response to war in Europe. Lesson Objectives

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War Costs US Debt 1940 - $9 billion US Debt 1945 - $98 billion The war cost $330 billion -- 10 times the cost of WWI & as much as all previous federal spending since 1776 WWII Facts

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Human Costs 50 million people died (compared to 15 million in WWI) 21.3 million Russians (7.7 million civilians) 11 million died as a result of the HOLOCAUST (6 million Jews + 5 million others) WWII Facts

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The Sides (Major Powers) Allies Axis Great Britain Germany Soviet Union Japan Italy United States * France * The French surrendered to Germany after 6 weeks of fighting.

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A World at War Allies before the attack on Pearl Harbor Axis Powers Neutral Allies entering World War II after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor

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Height of German Conquest Western Allies (Independent Counties) Eastern Allies Axis (Countries) Western Allies (Colonies or Occupied) Neutral Axis (Colonies or Occupied)

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Italy Leaders of the Major Axis Powers Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini

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Japan Leaders of the Major Axis Powers Hideki Tojo

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Leaders of the Major Allied Powers Great Britain Soviet Union United States Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill

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The Big 3

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Treaty of Versailles Germany lost lands. Germany had to pay war reparations. Bankrupt, the German economy suffered. The is humiliated Germany. Causes of WWII Lloyd George (U.K.) , Georges Clemenceau (France), and Woodrow Wilson during the negations of the Versailles Treaty.

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2. World wide depression. The Depression made Germany’s debt even worse Desperate people turn to desperate leaders. Hitler Causes of WWII Wallpapering with the German Deutschmarks in 1923.

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3. Rise of Totalitarian Regimes Every aspect of life, public and private, is controlled by the government. Communist Dictatorship (USSR) Fascist Dictatorship (Germany, Italy) Military Dictatorship (Japan) Causes of WWII Totalitarianism Fascism : military government based on racism & nationalism with strong support from the business community Communism : Social classes are abolished and property is commonly controlled by the government.

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Isolationism of Major Powers. Why was the U.S. isolationists? Perceptions of WWI Great Depression Causes of WWII This led to a policy of appeasement. Giving others what they want hoping they’ll just leave you alone.

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Hitler invades Poland: To give Germans Lebensraum (Living Space) To overturn the Treaty of Versailles (reclaim Germany’s pre-WWI boundary). Because of a Nazi-Soviet Pact. September 1, 1939

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Invasion of Poland German soldiers removing a Polish government insignia.

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Loyalty to the Nazi Party was mandatory…forced if need be.

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A New Style of Warfare When Germany invaded Poland, they used a new military tactic called blitzkrieg. “Lightening Warfare” Blitzkrieg includes surprise attacks, rapid advances into enemy territory, and massive air attacks that struck and shocked the enemy.

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Blitzkrieg

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Two days after Hitler’s invasion of Poland, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. 21 Years of Peace Over Phoney War – No more fighting would occur until April 1940. Germany resumes offensive, April 9, 1939, against Denmark and Norway.

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French Defenses On May 10, 1940, Germany and Italy attacked France. France was prepared to protect itself from Germany. The Maginot Line was a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, artillery and machine gun posts that guarded Frances border with Germany.

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The Maginot Line Believing that the Treaty of Versailles would not protect France, as War Minister for France, he ordered its construction. André Maginot

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Hitler ordered the majority of his troops to outflank the Maginot Line. Other German forces: The Luftwaffe (air force) flew over it. Panzer (tank) units rolled through hills and marshlands that were thought to be impenetrable. France surrendered on June 22, 1940. Invasion of France

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Second Armistice Hitler chose the Compiègne Forest and a specific railway car as the site to sign the armistice because it was the site of the 1918 Armistice and Germany's surrender.

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By taking Paris, Hitler accomplished in six weeks what the Germans in the First World War couldn’t do in four years.

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After the fall of France, Britain stood alone against the Germans. In fall 1940, intense German bombing began in preparation for a possible invasion. London Blitz – As many as 2000 German planes a night bombed the city of London for 2 months. The German Luftwaffe

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London Blitz

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England’s Royal Air Force fought bravely to defend their homeland and forced Hitler to abandon his plans. The Battle Over Britain During the London Blitz, 43,000 British citizens were killed and 180,000 injured, but Britain remained free.

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By 1940, Roosevelt wanted the U.S. to move away from neutrality and isolation. He argued, “If your neighbor’s house is on fire you don’t sell him a hose. You lend it to him and take it back when the fires out”. Where is the USA The Lend-Lease Act was created to give the Allies (Britain and France) the weapons and aid they needed.