Introduction to Module 3 :Introduction to Module 3 Independent Africa An online Distance Education Course Sponsored by Africana Studies @ NC State University Instructor: Dr. Craig C. Brookins


Module 3 - Making Sense Out Of The Hype! :1 Lectures 1.1 This one 1.2 Audio Lecture: International Human Rights 2 Readings 2.1 Falola Textbook Chapters 10 & 11 2.2 The Truth About Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa 3 Focus on South Africa 4 Focus on Rwanda 5 Focus on Uganda 6 Required Submissions 6.1 Thoughtful Reaction Paper: Module Three 6.2 Module 3 Quiz 7 Additional Resources Module 3 - Making Sense Out Of The Hype!


Genocide, Reconciliation & Reconstruction: Reflections of an Afrikan/Community Psychologist :Genocide, Reconciliation & Reconstruction: Reflections of an Afrikan/Community Psychologist Craig C. Brookins, Ph.D. North Carolina State University Paper Presented at the Southeast Eco-Community Psychology ConferenceOctober 5-7, 2007Georgia State University


Presentation Outline :Objectives of the Journey Afrikan/Community Psychology Participants & Trip Itinerary Country Summaries and Highlights Uganda Rwanda South Africa A Community Psychology Framework Reflections Challenges & Opportunities Presentation Outline Kigali @ Night Rwanda


Objectives :Study conflict resolution and post-conflict reconciliation and reconstruction is the selected countries Explore potential partnership opportunities with institutions Research Teaching service-learning community-outreach Explore ways to capitalize on the experience by developing new programs or courses, or revamping existing ones to incorporate the knowledge gained during the trip. Objectives Genocide Memorial Museum Garden Kigali, Rwanda Picture by Kwesi Brookins


An Afrikan/Community Psychology :African and Community Psychology: Synthesizing Liberation and Social Change Brookins (1999) Africa as Origin and Beacon Sophistication, Innovation & Vision of Liberation Struggles Pan-African Imperative “Ubuntu,” “Uhuru,” & the “African Way” “Ten Thousand Seasons” Ayi Kwei Armah (19??) Less Amelioration and more Transformation Nelson & Prilleltensky (2004) An Afrikan/Community Psychology http://www.ubuntuproject.org/


Participants :ACC-IAC International Academic Collaborative 11 of 12 ACC Institutions Represented Where is Virginia? Interdisciplinary Representation Scholarship Discipline Gender Participants Picture by Kwesi Brookins


Wanawake :Robin Kirk Duke University Human Rights Bernice L. Hausman Virginia Tech University English/Women’s Studies Karen K. Miller Boston College History Barbara S. Anderson University of North Carolina African Studies Zeynep Taydas Clemson University Political Science Wanawake Picture by B Close


Wanaume :Billy R. Close Florida State University Criminology William J. Long Georgia Tech University Political Science James Beshara Wake Forest University Senior Economics Major Angel David Nieves University of Maryland Historic Preservation Craig C. Brookins Co-Director North Carolina State University Psychology & Africana Studies Richard Grant University of Miami Geography Sylvain H. Boko Co-Director Wake Forest University Economics Wanaume Picture by R. Kirk


Trip Itinerary :Trip Itinerary


Country Comparisons :Country Comparisons


Uganda :Makerere University Institute of Social Research The Aids Service Organization, an aids clinic and advocacy group in Kampala Ministry of Reconstruction and Development for Northern Uganda Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi Jinja, Source of the White Nile Uganda Picture by Kwesi Brookins


Highlights -People :Lucy Hoving, Refugee Law Project Moses Okello, Refugee Law Project Veronica Bichetero, Uganda Human Rights Commission Martin Wandera, former member of parliament, and our very capable host in Uganda James Odong, director of peace and reconciliation at World Vision, who was an abducted child soldier himself and spoke about post traumatic stress. Lam Oryem Cosmas, Executive Secretary, Justice and Peace Council (JPC), Ecclesiastical Province of Gulu (Northern Uganda) Arthur Bainomugisha, head of Research and Peace and Conflict Program, Advocates Coalition for Development and Environment Dr. Edith Natukunda, who spoke on HIV/AIDS Highlights -People Minister of Reconstruction for Northern Uganda Pictures by Kwesi Brookins


The TASO Welcome – Uganda :The TASO Welcome – Uganda


Challenges & Opportunities – Uganda :Challenges Ongoing “War” in North with “Lords Resistance Army” Opportunities Student-faculty exchange, study abroad Institute for Social Research @ Makerere University Research Impact of Psychosocial Trauma (i.e., post-traumatic stress) on conflict survivors (e.g., child soldiers) Impact of resettlement efforts and other interventions Building a sustainable peace process Community-based surveys of key social and development issues Challenges & Opportunities – Uganda


Rwandan Genocide – 1994 :Rwandan Genocide – 1994 1 million murdered Hutu / Tutsi Ethnic Conflict Initially instigated by Belgian colonial policies Continued by Hutu and Tutsi leaders Conspiracy of Circumstances Global Blame and Responsibility


Rwanda :City of Kigali Gasabo District Villages (outside Kigali) Travaux d'Interêts Générales (TIG – “Service to the Community”) Camp Government Ministries AVEGA AGAHOZO – Association of Genocide Widows Donor Partner’s Meeting Twubakane Program – IntraHealth International Church Genocide Sites Nyamata Ntarama Kigali Genocide Memorial Centre Rwanda Picture by R. Kirk


A Gathering of Bones :A Gathering of Bones


Highlights – People :Paul Jabo, Deputy-Mayor of the Gasabo District Dr. Achour Ait Mohand, psychiatrist, Belgian technical cooperation Mme. Claire Nancy Misago, director of National Mental Health program of psychosocial and mental health services Dr. Eugene Rutembesa, Dean, Psychology, National University of Rwanda Josephine Murebwayire, vice president, AVEGA, a woman survivors’ organization Laura Hoemeker, Director of Twubakane, a USAID-funded health project in Rwanda Highlights – People Inside Ntarama (Skulls & Bones) Picture by R. Kirk TIG Camp Picture by Kwesi Brookins


The Genocidaires Welcome :The Genocidaires Welcome


Highlights – People (cont’d) :Patrice Mulama, Executive Secretary, High Council of the Press Fatuma Ndangiza, Executive Secretary; and Antoine Rutayisire, vice-chair, National Unity and Reconciliation Commission Dean Swerdlin, Twubakane Project (USAID/Intrahealth/RTI), organized “development partners” meeting (World Bank, IMF, USAID, local NGOs) Karl Jean-Louis, Consultant at the Ministry of Justice Francine Rutagengwa, Ministry of Local Government, and our very capable host David Rutagengwa, Tour Guide The Executive Secretary of the Ministry of Justice Highlights – People (cont’d) Rwandan Dance Performance Genocide Memorial Centre Gardens Pictures by Kwesi Brookins


Challenges & Opportunities – Rwanda :Challenges & Opportunities – Rwanda Government Decentralization Political, Economic & Social Services University Partners? Research Decentralization Impact of Gacaca Process Impact and Implementation of Reconciliation and Unity Efforts Implementation of Poverty Reduction Strategy “Building a National Framework for the Psychosocial Rehabilitation & Reintegration of Ex-combatants” Legal and Judicial Reconstruction


South Africa :City of Cape Town Stellenbosch University Kayamandi Township & Community Center Guguletu Township and Community Center District 6 museum Robben Island Western Cape Cape of Good Hope Cape Point Blaauwklippen Winery Table Mountain South Africa Picture by Kwesi Brookins


Highlights – People :Tyrone Savage, a lecturer at Stellenbosch University, who served as our principal expert of issues of post-conflict justice and reconciliation Dineo Gaofhiwe, International Office, Stellenbosch; our very capable host Glenda Wildshut, former TRC Commissioner and former director, Desmond Tutu Leadership Academy Mills Soko, Senior Lecturer, UCT Graduate School of Business: “Economic Justice & Equity in the Reconciliation and Reconstruction Process Nofuda Walaza, Post Traumatic Effects of Apartheid: Desmond Tutu Peace Trust Carnita Ernest, Center for the study of violence and reconciliation Rev. Dr. Spiwo Xapile, J L Zwane Church & Centre Highlights – People J L Zwane Church and Center Guguletu Township Tour of Stellenbosch University Pictures by Kwesi Brookins


Challenges & Opportunities – South Africa :Centre for the Study of Violence & Reconciliation Desmond Tutu Peace Centre University Linkages, Faculty-Student Exchange, and Study Abroad, Internships Research Reconciliation Processes “Black Empowerment” Community Development Psychological Processes of Empowerment Long-term impact of “apartheid trauma” on South Africans (all groups) Transformation of Community & Critical Psychology Challenges & Opportunities – South Africa Kayamandi Township


Individual and Community Health :Access to psychological health care remains a huge problem Huge shortage in mental health professionals Lack of “community mental health” centers No structure for “practice” other than typically inaccessible “private practices.” Individual and Community Health


Traditional Modes of Reconciliation, Healing & Reintegration :Traditional and indigenous healing structures and passages? African Religion and Spirituality Ubuntu Priority in Collective Survival and Struggle “Gacaca” process Rwanda Community Festivals Song and Dance as a form of mourning, atonement, celebration, prayer and offering Traditional Modes of Reconciliation, Healing & Reintegration Gacaca Court in Progress


Role of Truth & Reconciliation Process :Overwhelmingly judged to be mostly positive But also very limited Power of voice Power of storytelling Power of knowing Overwhelmingly judged to be incomplete Income redistribution “true” justice Mostly Blacks who came forward Past and present Role of Truth & Reconciliation Process Desmond Tutu’s Church


Closing Thoughts :Closing Thoughts Picture by Z. Taydas