Locating genesCharacteristic banding patterns :
Locating genesCharacteristic banding patterns GENETIC ENGINEERING: is the transfer of genes from one species to another enabling the second organism to produce a specific protein. Sometimes when organisms chromosomes are stained with a dye, they show characteristic banding patterns unique to each. Then once the specific gene has been located then it can be removed using an enzyme. Then transferred to the other organism using enzymes.
Locating Genes Manufacturing Gene probes :
Locating Genes Manufacturing Gene probes GENE PROBES:
are strands of DNA that have been made radioactive (label).
They have the complimentary bases of the required gene. A
G
T
C T
C
A
G Protein (that is made by required gene) 1 2 3 The stages of the manufacture are:
Protein analysed to see what amino acids it contains.
The region unique to the protein is selected and the base sequence for it worked out.
The compliment of the sequence is synthesised artificially. Gene probe. Radioactive Label
Locating GenesUse of gene Probe :
Locating GenesUse of gene Probe DNA with required gene somewhere DNA fragments of which carries required genes. Gene probe becomes attached to it’s complimentary base sequence.
Enzymes involved :
Enzymes involved The process of carrying genes from one cell to another requires enzymes:
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE- To transcribe RNA back into DNA
ENDONUCLEASE- to cut DNA into strands in specific places.
LIGASE- To seal DNA to plasmid.
Manufacture of Insulin using microbes :
Manufacture of Insulin using microbes
Somatic Fusion :
Somatic Fusion SOMATIC FUSION- This is often used to produce polyploidal plants. They have hybrid vigour and plants from different species can be used. Plant treated with CELLULOSE to make PROTPLAST they are then fused to form the polyploidal plant cell.