Nervous System

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Presentation Transcript

Nervous System : 

Nervous System Introduction to psychology

Human Nervous System : 

Human Nervous System

Functional areas of the brain : 

Functional areas of the brain Higher mental functions Broca’s area Motor function area Motor function area Somatosensory Association area Sensory area Association area Visual area Wernicke’s area Auditory area

Nervous System Overview : 

Nervous System Overview Nervous System Brain Spinal cord Nerves Functions of nervous system Regulates and coordinates all body activities Center of all mental activity, including thought, learning, and memory

Nervous System Divisions : 

Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Processes and stores sensory and motor information Controls consciousness Nervous System Divisions

Nervous System Divisions : 

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves 31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves Transmits sensory and motor impulses back and forth between CNS and rest of body Nervous System Divisions

Nervous System Divisions : 

Nervous System Divisions

Slide 8: 

Example

Autonomic Nervous System : 

Autonomic Nervous System Can be divided into: Sympathetic Nervous System “Fight or Flight” Parasympathetic Nervous System “Rest and Digest” These 2 systems are antagonistic. Typically, we balance these 2 to keep ourselves in a state of dynamic balance.

Slide 10: 

A reflex is an involuntary response that is processed in the spinal cord not the brain. Reflexes protect the body before the brain knows what is going on. Reflex Arc

Nervous System Organization : 

11-11 Nervous System Organization

Peripheral Nervous System : 

Peripheral Nervous System Afferent (sensory) nerves Carry impulses from the body to the central nervous system Efferent (motor) nerves Carry impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands Cause the target organs to do something in response to commands

Peripheral Nervous System : 

Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System (SNS) Provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle contractions Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Provides involuntary control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity and secretions in response to the commands of the central nervous system

Autonomic Nervous System : 

Sympathetic nerves Increase heart rate Constrict blood vessels Raise blood pressure Fight-or-flight response Parasympathetic nerves Slow heart rate Increase peristalsis of intestines Increase glandular secretions Relax sphincters Autonomic Nervous System

Cells of the Nervous System : 

Cells of the Nervous System

Cells of the Nervous System : 

Cells of the Nervous System

Anatomy of a Neuron : 

Anatomy of a Neuron Cell body – main part Dendrite – receives action potential (stimulation) from other neurons Axon – branches from cell body, where the action potential occurs Axon terminal – end of an axon

Anatomy of a Neuron : 

Anatomy of a Neuron Myelin sheath – lipid layer for protection over neurons that allows for increase in speed of signal transmission; made by Schwann cells Nodes of Ranvier – gaps in myelin sheath along the axon, where most Na+ pumps are located Synaptic Cleft – gap between neurons; between the axon terminal of 1 neuron and the dendrite of a 2nd neuron

3 main types of nerve cells : 

3 main types of nerve cells sensory neurone relay neurone motor neurone

Sensory neurons : 

Sensory neurons Carries impulses from receptors e.g pain receptors in skin to the CNS( brain or spinal cord)

Relay neuron : 

Relay neuron Carries impulses from sensory nerves to motor nerves.

Motor neuron : 

Motor neuron Carries impulses from CNS to effector e.g. muscle to bring about movement or gland to bring about secretion of hormone e.g ADH

Cells of the Nervous System : 

Cells of the Nervous System Neuroglia Connective tissue Support system for neurons Do not conduct impulses Protect nervous system through phagocytosis Types of Neuroglia Cells Astrocytes Microglia Oligodendrocytes

Central Nervous System (CNS) : 

Central Nervous System (CNS) BRAIN About 1.4 kg, 2% of body weight About 100 billion neurons 12 pairs of cranial nerves are connected to the human brain Example: Pupil reflex in response to bright light, to avoid damage to retina. Nerves that control this reflex are connected to the brain. Others: blinking, Hering-Breuer reflex

Central Nervous System : 

Central Nervous System Brain Surrounded by bone for protection Enclosed in cranium Spinal cord Surrounded by vertebrae for protection Surrounded by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

Slide 27: 

Central Nervous System Consists of: Brain and Spinal Cord

Slide 28: 

Central Nervous System

Structures of the Brain : 

Structures of the Brain Cerebrum Largest and uppermost portion of the brain Controls consciousness, memory, sensations, emotions, voluntary movements Cortex = outer surface Gyri = elevations Sulci = grooves Longitudinal fissure divides cerebrum into two hemispheres

Structures of the Brain : 

Structures of the Brain Cerebellum Attached to the brain stem Maintains muscle tone Coordinates normal movement and balance Diencephalon Located between cerebrum and midbrain Consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

Structures of the Brain : 

Structures of the Brain Brain Stem Region between diencephalon and spinal cord Consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata Serves as pathway for impulses between brain and spinal cord Controls respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate

Spinal Cord : 

Spinal Cord Pathway for impulses traveling to and from brain Carries 31 pairs of spinal nerves Affects limbs and lower part of body