Crimean War

Rise of nationalism in Europe : 

Rise of nationalism in Europe

Nationalism at this time could be defined as a: : 

Nationalism at this time could be defined as a: A sense of community of common institutions and traditions A common government Usually, but not always a common language An awakening or latent pride in the past combined with aspirations for a greater future.

In 1848, Louis Napoleon was elected by a huge landslide. He had traded on his Napoleonic Legend, and overcome the tradition of having Bourbon Kings on the throne. : 

In 1848, Louis Napoleon was elected by a huge landslide. He had traded on his Napoleonic Legend, and overcome the tradition of having Bourbon Kings on the throne.

Napoleon caused an economic surge when he had Paris rebuilt. : 

Napoleon caused an economic surge when he had Paris rebuilt.

Even this did not stop discontent. He did not liberalize the government enough. : 

Even this did not stop discontent. He did not liberalize the government enough.

Napoleon III was somewhat successful at domestic policies. But his foreign policies spelled doom for his regime. : 

Napoleon III was somewhat successful at domestic policies. But his foreign policies spelled doom for his regime.

Napoleon III wanted to free France from the treaties/peace agreements of the Congress of Vienna, where France had been contained by the foreign powers. : 

Napoleon III wanted to free France from the treaties/peace agreements of the Congress of Vienna, where France had been contained by the foreign powers.

Remember, at the Congress of Vienna, the Balance of Power meant restrictions on many countries’ ambitions, including France. : 

Remember, at the Congress of Vienna, the Balance of Power meant restrictions on many countries’ ambitions, including France.

Let us now turn toward the fascinating Crimean war, a step in “liberating” France from its promises at the Congress of Vienna. : 

Let us now turn toward the fascinating Crimean war, a step in “liberating” France from its promises at the Congress of Vienna.

The Crimea is a peninsula that juts out into the Black Sea. : 

The Crimea is a peninsula that juts out into the Black Sea.

It was originally obtained by Catherine the Great in 1783. : 

It was originally obtained by Catherine the Great in 1783.

Russia wanted to exert influence at in the Balkans, and possible take the Bosphurus from the Turks. : 

Russia wanted to exert influence at in the Balkans, and possible take the Bosphurus from the Turks.

France and England decided to join the dispute to stop Russia’s ambitions. : 

France and England decided to join the dispute to stop Russia’s ambitions.

Let’s review the steps of the war. : 

Let’s review the steps of the war.

Step one: Russia makes demands on Turkey in an attempt to enlarge influence. : 

Step one: Russia makes demands on Turkey in an attempt to enlarge influence.

Step two: Russia moves in on Walachia and Moldavia—Austria Hungary moves to protect these Balkan provinces. : 

Step two: Russia moves in on Walachia and Moldavia—Austria Hungary moves to protect these Balkan provinces.

Step 3: France & Britain join against Russia—little Sardinia also joins to attempt to get France to help with Italian unification. : 

Step 3: France & Britain join against Russia—little Sardinia also joins to attempt to get France to help with Italian unification.

Step 4: The British blockade the Bosporus straits--restricting Russian Trade. : 

Step 4: The British blockade the Bosporus straits--restricting Russian Trade.

Step 5: The French and English “land” on the Crimean peninsula to push back the Russians. : 

Step 5: The French and English “land” on the Crimean peninsula to push back the Russians.

The Charge of the Light Brigade is a part of Step 5. : 

The Charge of the Light Brigade is a part of Step 5.

Into the Valley of death rode the brave 600-- : 

Into the Valley of death rode the brave 600--

Cannon to the right, and cannon to the left… : 

Cannon to the right, and cannon to the left…

Interesting Fact—the highest award for bravery in the British Empire is the Victoria Cross, made from a captured Crimean War Cannon. : 

Interesting Fact—the highest award for bravery in the British Empire is the Victoria Cross, made from a captured Crimean War Cannon.

Step 6: Austria and Hungary move into Walachia and Moldavia : 

Step 6: Austria and Hungary move into Walachia and Moldavia

During the Crimean War, Florence Nightingale transforms modern nursing. : 

During the Crimean War, Florence Nightingale transforms modern nursing.

Statistics become very important catalyst to changing conditions… : 

Statistics become very important catalyst to changing conditions…

Nicolas I of Russia dies—his son Alexander II immediately makes peace. : 

Nicolas I of Russia dies—his son Alexander II immediately makes peace.

Total death toll Crimean War: : 

Total death toll Crimean War: 450,015 Russia 95,615 France (weakens Napoleon III) 45,400 Turkey 22,182 British 2, 194 Piedmont

The Crimean War was poorly planned and poorly fought—a kind of 19th century Vietnam. : 

The Crimean War was poorly planned and poorly fought—a kind of 19th century Vietnam.

The conditions of the Congress of Vienna were now “blown up” and each nation was acting for its own self-interest… : 

The conditions of the Congress of Vienna were now “blown up” and each nation was acting for its own self-interest…

Russia and Austria returned to their corners…both faced problems at home… : 

Russia and Austria returned to their corners…both faced problems at home… Russia had lost almost 500,000 men just because it wanted to be a “big boy” and gain influence in the Balkans and Turkish regions. Many of the peasants, who lost sons, saw this as another reason to hate the Romanov Tsars. Austria had to deal with simmering nationalism among the Hungarians, Serbs, Croats, Czechs and Slovaks. They, too, resented fighting for “Austrian” interests.

This weakened the influence of Austria and Russia…preparing a way for both Italy and Germany to unite. : 

This weakened the influence of Austria and Russia…preparing a way for both Italy and Germany to unite.

Nationalism : 

Nationalism Collective national consciousness, often based upon: Common cultural heritage Common history or memory Common descent (or myth of such) Common language (Safran)

Nationalism : 

Nationalism 18th century: “Linguistic Nation” Concept develops from Enlightenment thought 19th century: “Age of Nationalism” “Linguistic Nation” concept is politicized, used in creation of nation-states (Safran)

Nationalism in Germany : 

Nationalism in Germany Pride in origins: Romantic Nationalism Johann Gottfried Herder Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm Johann Gottlieb Fichte Political unity: 1871: unified German Reich Otto von Bismarck (Dow; Verheyen)

Nationalism in Germany : 

Nationalism in Germany Power consolidation by Otto von Bismarck: Social and political reforms Create sense of national loyalty: Policies to further German language and culture Provide political stability: “Reichsfeinde” “Kulturkampf” (Koschnirk and von Specht)

Nationalism in Germany : 

Nationalism in Germany “Germanization” the enculturation of non-Germans into German living, society values and beliefs Germanization efforts under Bismarck: Language restrictions Appropriation of property (Best; Koschnirk and von Specht)

Nationalism in Germany : 

Nationalism in Germany Post-World War I: Treaty of Versailles Territory loss = growing irredentism Ideologically-perverted linguistic scholarship Misrepresentation of Darwinism “Race” becomes primary marker of ethnic identity (Verheyen; Dow; Scheck)

Nationalism in Germany : 

Nationalism in Germany Germanization efforts under Hitler’s Third Reich: Separation of families “Suitable” children removed from racially “unacceptable” parents Ethnic inhabitants of occupied territories

Nationalism in Hungary : 

Nationalism in Hungary Magyar history: Finno-Ugric nomadic people Uralic language Carpathian Basin, 9th century AD Crossroads of Central Europe, therefore often overrun Region shared with numerous ethnic groups (Mésáros; Medgyes and Miklósy)

Nationalism in Hungary : 

Nationalism in Hungary Habsburg Hungary: Germanization  Revolution (1848)  Germanization  The Compromise of 1867: Dual Monarchy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Hungarian autonomy within the Habsburg Empire (Mésáros; Seton-Watson; Spira)

Nationalism in Hungary : 

Nationalism in Hungary Hungarian government efforts to: transform the multilingual Hungarian territory into a national Magyar state assure a totally Magyar character to Hungary Population demographic problem (Pâclisanu)

Nationalism in Hungary : 

Nationalism in Hungary Law of Equal Rights of the Nationalities (1868): Every citizen a Hungarian Official use of other languages recognized But Hungarian as official state language Seemingly enlightened liberal approach to integration, however. . . Vague, ambiguous provisions Neither enforceability nor sanctions (Seton-Watson; Edizioni Europa)

Nationalism in Hungary : 

Nationalism in Hungary “Magyarization” Of minority schools Count Apponyi’s School Law of 1907 Society for Name Magyarisation (1881) 1898 guide Name change registration / fees Geographical names (Seton-Watson; Pâclisanu; Edizioni Europa)

Conclusions : 

Conclusions Language as base element of ethnic identity for both Germans and Hungarians Policies toward linguistic and ethnic minorities: Germanization Unification of German state; sense of Aryan superiority Magyarization Secure viability of Magyar state, language, culture; sense of Magyar superiority Exacerbation of anti-German and anti-Magyar sentiments Disastrous effects upon territory & populations of both post-World War II