FOUNDATION OF COMPUTER

Computer Architecture & Organization : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 1 Computer Architecture & Organization Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques, etc. e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? Control signals, interfaces, memory technology, etc. e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition? hmmm … chicken/egg problem ? Architecture  attributes visible to the programmer Organization  how features are implemented

What Should I already know re Computer Arch & Org ? : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 2 What Should I already know re Computer Arch & Org ? computer keyboard mouse display disk / optical speakers other ? . . . connected devices Peripherals printer communication links network telephone cable wireless other ? . . . “Black Box” !

Function & Structure : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 3 Function & Structure SYSC 2001 will look inside the black box (ITBB)! peripherals and commn links are outside black box Will construct various models of ITBB components: Function  the operation of individual components as parts of the structure Structure  how components relate to each other ITBB

Function : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 4 Function ALL computer functions are: Data PROCESSING Data STORAGE Data MOVEMENT CONTROL NOTHING ELSE! Data = Information Coordinates How Information is Used IMPORTANT SLIDE !

Functional view of Black Box : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 5 Functional view of Black Box Operating Environment source/sink for information MOVEMENT CONTROL PROCESSING STORAGE connections to peripherals and commn links ITBB

Operations (1) Data movement : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 6 Operations (1) Data movement e.g. copy a file between disks

Operations (2) Storage : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 7 Operations (2) Storage e.g. load a text file for editing

Operation (3) Processing from/to storage : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 8 Operation (3) Processing from/to storage e.g. compute an intermediate result from some operands & save for later use

Operation (4)Processing from storage to I/O : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 9 Operation (4)Processing from storage to I/O e.g. compute and display a result from some operands

Structure - Top Level ITBB : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 10 Structure - Top Level ITBB Computer Main Memory Input Output Systems Interconnection Peripherals Communication lines Central Processing Unit Computer What about Function? More Black Boxes ITBB!

Structure - The CPU : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 11 Structure - The CPU Computer Arithmetic and Logic Unit Control Unit Internal CPU Interconnection Registers CPU I/O Memory System Bus CPU What about Function? Drilling Down I(ITBB)!

Structure - The Control Unit : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 12 Structure - The Control Unit CPU Control Memory Control Unit Registers and Decoders Sequencing Logic Control Unit ALU Registers Internal Bus Control Unit What about Function? Too deep for SYSC 2001

Brief History of Computer Evolution : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 13 Brief History of Computer Evolution Two phases: before VLSI 1945 – 1978 ENIAC IAS IBM PDP-8 VLSI 1978  present day microprocessors ! see text discussion VLSI = Very Large Scale Integration

Growth in CPU Transistor Count : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 14 Growth in CPU Transistor Count Moore’s Law Pentium Evolution PowerPC Evolution Cell 234 M

Speeding Up the Processor : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 15 Speeding Up the Processor Pipelining On board cache On board L1 & L2 cache Branch prediction Data flow analysis Speculative execution chicken / egg again ! we’ll see some of these as the course progresses

But Performance Mismatch! : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 16 But Performance Mismatch! Processor speed increased Memory capacity increased Memory speed lags behind (and increasing slower than) processor speed

DRAM and Processor Characteristics : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 17 DRAM and Processor Characteristics

Some Solutions : 

2007 Sept 06 SYSC 2001* - Fall 2007. SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt 18 Some Solutions Increase number of bits retrieved at one time Make DRAM “wider” rather than “deeper” Change DRAM interface Cache Reduce frequency of memory access More complex cache, and cache on chip Increase interconnection bandwidth High speed buses Hierarchy of buses