Kiran Sharma

CHANGING PROFILE OF URBAN POVERTY IN JHARKHAND SINCE 1970s – A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY : 

CHANGING PROFILE OF URBAN POVERTY IN JHARKHAND SINCE 1970s – A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY

Poverty and Well-being: 

Poverty and Well-being Poverty is “pronounced deprivation in well-being.” The broadest approach to well-being and poverty focuses on the “capability” of the individual to function in society.

Objectives of the study: 

Objectives of the study To examine the social features of the urban poor in Jharkhand. To examine the basic causes of urban poverty in Jharkhand. To analyse the impact of urban poverty alleviation programmes in alleviating poverty. To analyse the changing nature of urban poverty in the era of liberalization.

Research Questions: 

Research Questions The main research questions of this study are as follows What are the characteristics of urban poverty? Do the illiterate people are more prone to poverty. Why is incidence of poverty high in the urban area of Jharkhand? Are there any differences in the degree of benefits achieved by the BPL people?

Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line in Undivided Bihar & India -1973-74 to 1999-00 (Rural & Urban Combined) Source: www.indiastat.com : 

Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line in Undivided Bihar & India - 1973-74 to 1999-00 (Rural & Urban Combined) Source: www.indiastat.com

Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line Source: Planning Commission, GOI: 

Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line Source: Planning Commission, GOI

Poverty Headcount–Jharkhand & All-India (1999/2000) Source: Estimated from NSS 55th round, Schedule 1.: 

Poverty Headcount–Jharkhand & All-India (1999/2000) Source: Estimated from NSS 55th round, Schedule 1.

Percentage of Households not getting two square meals a day for all members Source: NSSO 61st (Unemployment & Employment) Round, 2004-05 as cited in Jharkhand Development Report 2009 : 

Percentage of Households not getting two square meals a day for all members Source: NSSO 61st (Unemployment & Employment) Round, 2004-05 as cited in Jharkhand Development Report 2009 District Households District Households Bokaro 0 Hazaribagh 27.11 Chatra 0 Kodarma 0.53 Deoghar 0 Lohardaga 0 Dhanbad 0 Pakaur 0 Dumka 0 Palamu 23.45 Garhwa 0 Paschimi Singhbhum 7.28 Giridih 23.01 Purbi Singhbhum 5.62 Godda 3.91 Ranchi 0 Gumla 9.09 Sahibganj 0

District-wise Poverty scenario in Jharkhand : 

District-wise Poverty scenario in Jharkhand As per, ILRI, Government of Jharkhand: High rural poverty (>50%) Low urban poverty (<20%) - Pakur, E.Singhbhum, Dumka, Bokaro High rural poverty (>50%) Moderate urban poverty (20-30%) - Lohardaga, Sahibganj, Chatra, Palamu High rural poverty (>50%) High urban poverty (>30%) - Gumla, Simdega, Deoghar, Jamtara, Latehar, W. Singhbhum, Saraikela

Key MDG and Social Indicators, 2000 Source: Data cited in World Bank Report compiled from NSS 55th round, NFHS-II, NFHS-III, and Population census 2001. : 

Key MDG and Social Indicators, 2000 Source: Data cited in World Bank Report compiled from NSS 55th round, NFHS-II, NFHS-III, and Population census 2001. Indicators Jharkhand India Poverty and Child Malnutrition Poverty Head-Count(official estimate) 44 26 Percentage Children Underweight 54 47 Percentage Children Stunted 49 46 Education Literacy Rate(6 & above) 54 65 Male 68 75 Female 39 51 Net School Attendance(6-14) 64 77 Boys 71 88 Girls 56 74

Cont’d…..: 

Cont’d….. Indicators Jharkhand India Health Infant Mortality Rate(2005/06) 69 57 Percentage Children Fully Immunized 9 42 Immunized against Measles 18 51 Immunized against DPT(3 doses) 22 55 Population Growth Rate(1991-2001) 2.3 1.7 Contraceptive Use(any modern method) 25 43 Sanitation access 15 30 Maternal vaccination(TT) 51 67 Births Attended by Skilled Attendants 18 42 Percent of Households with Access within 15 Minutes of Safe Water Supply 34 62

Slum Population in urban areas, 2001 Source: Census of India: 

Slum Population in urban areas, 2001 Source: Census of India States Total Slum Population Ratio of slum population to total urban population(in per cent) Jharkhand 301,569 5.0 Bihar 531,481 6.1 India 42,578,150 15.0

Development Challenges in Jharkhand : 

Development Challenges in Jharkhand Very Poor Infrastructure Insecurity Naxalism Corruption Lack of effective governance

Why the urban poor? : 

Why the urban poor? Urbanization and rising urban poverty is a key challenge As per the latest NSSO survey reports there are over 80 million poor people living in the cities and towns of India. The Slum population is also increasing and as per the Town and Country Planning Organization (TCPO) estimates 2001, over 61.80 million people were living in slums.

Changing Profiles of Urban Poverty: 

Changing Profiles of Urban Poverty Comparative poverty profiles across states shows that the tribal groups in Jharkhand have the highest poverty intensity in India—higher than the ST groups in other Indian states. The head-count incidence of poverty for the ST group is 56 percent in Jharkhand compared with Bihar 40 percent, as estimated by the present study from the NSS 55th round. As per NSS, 55 th round the incidence of poverty among scheduled castes is high in Bihar i.e. 58%.

Cont’d….: 

Cont’d…. The key Millennium Development Goals (MDG), 2000 shows that the state’s key social indicators such as literacy, enrolment, infant mortality and child nutrition, are below the all-India average. The process of liberalization and economic reforms in India has a mixed impact on the states especially on the mineral rich state of Jharkhand. The composition of the poor is changing; rural poverty is getting concentrated in the agricultural labourer and artisan households and urban poverty in the casual labour households.

Policies and Programmes relating to urban poverty alleviation in Jharkhand : 

Policies and Programmes relating to urban poverty alleviation in Jharkhand Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP).

Key findings : 

Key findings As per the Sachar Committee Report, 2006, HCR of STs from below poverty line in the urban areas of Jharkhand is higher; around 37% of them are poor. Similarly, HCR of Muslim and minority are the second highest categories in the state who constitute 32% and 27% respectively. As per the Planning Commission, Government of India estimation, the newly formed state Jharkhand has 40.3% population below poverty line in 2004-05. According to NSSO 55th and 61st (Consumer Expenditure) round, 1999-2000 & 2004-05 , percentage of population below poverty line is significantly high for Jharkhand, much higher than that of India as a whole although over the years. The HCR of Jharkhand is also higher than that of Bihar; the mother state. The Head Count Ratio (HCR) is very high in districts of Lohardaga, Sahibganj and Gumla where it is more than 70 per cent, showing the poor conditions of these districts. The lowest HCR is in the districts of Ranchi, Kodarma and Chatra where it is below 25 per cent. .

Thank you: 

Thank you