Mutations

Genetic Changes : 

Genetic Changes By: Mr. B. del Rosario 3rd Quarter BIOLOGY Paref-Southridge School

MUTATION : 

MUTATION defined as a change in the DNA sequence can be caused by errors in replication, transcription, cell division, or by external agents

Types of Mutations : 

Types of Mutations Mutations in reproductive cells Mutations in body cells (hastens aging process) Point mutations (ex. sickle cell anemia) Frameshift mutations (ex. cystic fibrosis )

Point Mutation : 

Point Mutation

Sickle cell anemia : 

Sickle cell anemia

Frameshift Mutation : 

Frameshift Mutation

Slide 7: 

Cystic fibrosis – affects the lungs, liver, pancreas, small intestine, reproductive organs, and the skin

Chromosomal mutations : 

Chromosomal mutations happen when part of chromosomes are broken off and lost often break and rejoin incorrectly may join backwards or join the wrong chromosome If ever zygote develops and matures, it is sterile. Therefore…

Deletion : 

Deletion

Insertion : 

Insertion

Inversion : 

Inversion

Translocation : 

Translocation

Causes of Mutations : 

Causes of Mutations random, mistake in base pairing mutagens (ex. radiation, chemicals, high temperature)

Radiation : 

Radiation contains energy that can damage or break apart DNA breaking and reforming of DNA can result in deletions may convert one base into another or fuse two bases together

Chemical mutagens : 

Chemical mutagens include asbestos, benzene, and formaldehyde usually cause substitution mutations

Sources of formaldehyde : 

Sources of formaldehyde

DNA repair : 

DNA repair “Proofreading” is performed by enzymes like DNA ligase. Such repair mechanisms work very efficiently, although they are not perfect. Thus, it is still best to avoid situations that would expose us to mutagens.

References : 

References https:/.../getImage.aspx?ImageIID=2560 wiki.ctl.sri.com/.../819231/sickle_cell_01.jpg kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/.../biology/point_mutation.jpg members.cox.net/amgough/Mutation_frameshift-0... www.hgen.pitt.edu/.../images/cystic-fibrosis.gif images.clinicaltools.com/images/gene/5_deleti... images2.clinicaltools.com/.../9_17_insertion.jpg https://www.msu.edu/~shawsar1/gene_inversion.gif members.cox.net/amgough/mutation_chromosome_t... www.x-menthelaststand.com/images/xmen_xd___01.jpg www.americanairandwater.com/images/DNA-UV.gif www.home-air-purifier-expert.com/images/forma...