sampling,point sampling,sampling in forest,vertical,horizontal sample

Slide 2: 

Sampling Obtaining information from only a part of a large population to know about the whole population. sampling units - representative of the whole population. OBJECTIVE Secure a sample which will represent the population and reproduce the important characteristics of the population under study as closely as possible.

Slide 3: 

1.Difficult to survey s the entire area 2.cost is too high 3. population is dynamic - population may change over time. 4.More time The sampling makes the supervision more effective. The method of sampling is called probability sampling.

Slide 5: 

All members of a population have an equal and independent chance of being selected.

Slide 7: 

Equal chance of being selected

Slide 8: 

Each unit of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. Simple random sampling is the simplest form of sampling It is the basis for many other sampling methods. Simple random sampling is most applicable for the initial survey in an investigation

Slide 9: 

Whenever a unit is selected for the sample, all the units of the population are equally likely to be selected. When the first unit is selected - chance of selection which is 1/N When the second unit is selected, all the remaining (N-1)  units of the population have  1/(N-1)chance of selection.

Slide 10: 

Random sampling divided in to strata

Slide 11: 

Sampling is to divide a heterogeneous population into sub-populations Sub population usually known as strata Each strata is internally homogeneous Sampling units are selected from stratum. Method of division of area in to homogenous groups is called stratification

Slide 13: 

First selecting large sized units Then choosing a specified number of sub-units from the selected large units is known as sub-sampling. The large units are called ‘first stage units’ The sub-units the ‘second stage units’. The procedure can be easily generalized to three stage or multistage samples.

Slide 14: 

The sampling of a forest area may be done in three stages, 1.selecting a sample of compartments as first stage units 2.choosing a sample of topographical sections in each selected compartment 3.taking a number of sample plots of a in each selected topographical section.

Slide 15: 

Same sampling units are used at the different phases of sampling To collect different information or same information by different methods. Two phase sampling is commonly used in forest inventories Two-phase sampling is sometimes called “double sampling”.

Slide 16: 

The no. of bamboo culms in the forest is to be estimated In first phase no. of clumps/hec is determined by large systematic survey In second phase culms/clump is determined by smaller area taken in the first phase.

Slide 17: 

Samples are selected according to the subjective judgment of the observer Basis of certain rules or guidelines indicating what sample should be chosen.

Slide 18: 

It is a statistical method involving the selection of elements from an ordered sampling frame A method of selecting according to a random starting point and a fixed, periodic interval

Slide 19: 

The most common form of systematic sampling is an equal-probability method sampling interval k is calculated as: k - sampling interval N - population size n - sample size

Slide 20: 

Number of samples are tested one by one, accumulating the results until a decision can be made.

Slide 21: 

It is a non-probability sampling technique Researcher picks a single or a group of sample in a given time interval, conducts his study, analyzes the results Then picks another sample if needed . This sampling technique gives the researcher limitless chances of fine tuning his research methods

Slide 22: 

Point Sampling The circle represent the cross section of trees at bh. The lines indicate the critical angle of the instrument projected from the sampling point

Slide 23: 

Counting from a random point the number of the trees whose breast height cross section exceeds a certain critical angle when multiplied by a constant factor gives basal area per hactare

Slide 24: 

Point Sampling 1. Basal Area Factor (BAF) How much BA does each sampled tree represent? 2. Plot Radius Factor How far away can a tree be and still be sampled? 3. Calculations from samples: Basal area per acre Trees per acre Volume per acre

Slide 26: 

 Diameter of a tree and its distance to a neighboring tree defined a measurable angle

Slide 28: 

1.simple angle gauge 2.wedge prism 3.spiegel relaskop 4.Tele relaskop

Slide 29: 

A series of sampling points are selected randomly or systematically distributed over the entire to be inventoried . Trees around this point are viewed through any angle-gauge at breast height All trees forming an angle bigger than the critical angle of instrument are counted.

Slide 30: 

Each tree counted regardless of its d.b.h. represents same basal area Same basal area but tree is away - Not counted Same distance from the point but tree is small - Not counted

Slide 31: 

Horizontal point sampling is used for determination of the following 1.Basal area per hectare(BA) BA per hectare = BAF × n n= no of tally trees F = 1/n BA = basal area

Slide 32: 

Tally Half Tally Non Tally

Slide 33: 

Knowing the diameter of every tally tree it is possible to determine the number of stems per hectare . No.of trees/ ha = basal area factor of prism total basal area of the tally trees

Slide 34: 

Volume /hec(V)= Basal area × stand form height Basal area directly calculated from the point sampling instrument Stand form height is obtained by volume table

Slide 36: 

The line sampling is application of the angle count technique. Instead of a sample point a sample lines are used Basal area counts with an instrument of BAF of 1 sq m/ha are conducted on one side of the line.

Slide 37: 

Basal area of the sample calculated by d= dbh in cm of a tree enumerated in the horizontal line sampling Vertical angle counts on one side along this line.

Slide 38: 

The volume in cum/ha can be estimated by F= stand form factor d=dbh in cm enumerated by vertical line sampling No work has been done in the direction in India so for

Slide 39: 

The proposed approach for the 2010 Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) satellite monitoring of deforestation rates over large areas include the use of sampling. It is a systematic sample of 10 km wide squares at every 1° intersection of latitude and longitude.

Slide 40: 

systematic samples for estimating deforestation at national, sub-national and continental level Sampling may reduce the cost of monitoring A common sampling approach is systematic sampling, in which sample units of a constant size are distributed in some regular manner, such as a grid.

Slide 41: 

The cost is lower Data collection is faster Easily planned Faster in carrying out and mostly cheaper it gives better estimates of the mean than unrestricted random it will give better accuracy

Slide 42: 

1.Sampling methods used for estimating change in forest resources 2.Sampling is used in ecological survey 3.Using point sampling we can estimate 1.Basal area per hectare(BA) 2.Number stem per hectare 3.Volume per hectare

Slide 43: 

4.Multistage sampling is used in bamboo 5.Determination of insect population using random sampling 6.systematic sampling used for estimation of deforestation rates 7.Forest resources assessments and monitoring 8. Sampling strategies used in forest soils

Slide 44: 

http://www.statpac.com/surveys/sampling.htm http://www.fao.org/forestry/11649/en/ http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/4/3/034015/fulltext www.ont-woodlot-assoc.org/sw_timbercruisept1.html A.N Chaturvedi and L.S Khanna, Forest mensuration pg(230-280)