Punctutaion Rules

PUNCTUATION RULES: 

PUNCTUATION RULES by: Ms. Julie Amara J. Mostoles Central Bicol State University of Agriculture (CBSUA) Region V, Philippines

REVIEW ON THE USE OF COMMAS: 

REVIEW ON THE USE OF COMMAS Using Commas in a Series - Nouns, Verbs & Adjectives.swf Using Commas in a Series - Verbs.swf Using Commas in a Series - Adjectives.swf Using Commas in a Series - Nouns.swf

PUNCTUATION RULES: 

PUNCTUATION RULES Period (.), Exclamation Marks (!) & Question Mark (?) Apostrophes (‘) Ellipsis (…) & Slash (/) Semicolon (;) Colon (:) Parenthesis () Dash ( –) Hyphen (-) Quotations Marks (“”) Italics

PUNCTUATION PYRAMID: 

PUNCTUATION PYRAMID http://www.primaryresources.co.uk/english/flash/Punctuation%20Pyramid.html

Some Punctuation marks that are commonly/easily used: 

Some Punctuation marks that are commonly/easily used PERIOD (.) -go at the end of sentences that are statements Ex. My name is Jane. I am a teacher. Exclamation Marks (!) – used to convey extreme emotion Ex. It was shocking! QUESTION MARK (?) – go at the end of sentences that are questions Ex. They’re not doing very well, are they? Who is responsible for executing the plan?

PowerPoint Presentation: 

APOSTROPHES (‘) – next to the letter “s” indicates possession or belonging Ex. This is Tobi’s shirt. They are also used to show missing letter in shortened words (contraction) Ex. I’ve got an idea. Let’s go out.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

ELLIPSIS (…) – used when you’re quoting a material and you want to omit some words Ex. The ceremony honored five brilliant athletes… visiting the Philippines. SLASH (/) – used to indicate a choice between the words it separate Ex. Using the pass/fail option backfired on her.

LET’s FOCUS on the RULES: 

LET’s FOCUS on the RULES What you MUST Remember about certain Punctuations

Semicolon: 

Semicolon Use a semicolon to join 2 independent clauses when the second clause restates the first or when the two clauses are of equal emphasis. Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town; streets have become covered with bulldozers, trucks, and cones.

Semicolon: 

Semicolon Use a semicolon to join 2 independent clauses when the second clause begins with a conjunctive adverb (however, therefore, moreover, furthermore, thus, meanwhile, nonetheless, otherwise) or a transition (in fact, for example, that is, for instance, in addition, in other words, on the other hand, even so). Terrorism in the United States has become a recent concern; in fact, the concern for America's safety has led to an awareness of global terrorism.

Semicolon: 

Semicolon Use a semicolon to join elements of a series when individual items of the series already include commas. Recent sites of the Olympic Games include Athens, Greece; Salt Lake City, Utah; Sydney, Australia; Nagano, Japan.

Colon: 

Colon Use a colon to join 2 independent clauses when you wish to emphasize the second clause. Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town: parts of Main, Fifth, and West Street are closed during the construction.

Colon: 

Colon Julie went to the store for some groceries: milk, bread, coffee, and cheese. I know the perfect job for her: a politician.

Colon: 

Colon In his Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln urges Americans to rededicate themselves to the unfinished work of the deceased soldiers: "It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth."

Colon: 

Colon Use a colon at the end of a business letter greeting. To Whom It May Concern: Use a colon to separate the hour and minute(s) in a time notation. 12:00 p.m. Use a colon to separate the chapter and verse in a Biblical reference. Matthew 1:6

Parenthesis: 

Parenthesis Parentheses are used to emphasize content. They place more emphasis on the enclosed content than commas. Use parentheses to set off nonessential material, such as dates, clarifying information, or sources, from a sentence. Muhammed Ali (1942-present), arguably the greatest athlete of all time, claimed he would "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee."

Dash: 

Dash Dashes are used to set off or emphasize the content enclosed within dashes or the content that follows a dash. Dashes place more emphasis on this content than parentheses. Perhaps one reason why the term has been so problematic—so resistant to definition, and yet so transitory in those definitions—is because of its multitude of applications.

Dash: 

Dash In terms of public legitimacy—that is, in terms of garnering support from state legislators, parents, donors, and university administrators—English departments are primarily places where advanced literacy is taught. The U.S.S. Constitution became known as "Old Ironsides" during the War of 1812—during which the cannonballs fired from the British H.M.S. Guerriere merely bounced off the sides of the Constitution. To some of you, my proposals may seem radical—even revolutionary.

Dash: 

Dash Use a dash to set off an appositive phrase that already includes commas. An appositive is a word that adds explanatory or clarifying information to the noun that precedes it. The cousins—Tina, Todd, and Sam—arrived at the party together.

Hyphens: 

Hyphens used to connect words or syllables Ex. There were ninety-nine white rabbits.

Quotation Marks: 

Quotation Marks Use quotation marks to enclose direct quotations. Note that commas and periods are placed inside the closing quotation mark, and colons and semicolons are placed outside. The placement of question and exclamation marks depends on the situation. He asked, "When will you be arriving?" I answered, "Sometime after 6:30."

Quotation Marks: 

Quotation Marks Use quotation marks to indicate the novel, ironic, or reserved use of a word. History is stained with blood spilled in the name of "justice."

Quotation Marks: 

Quotation Marks Use quotation marks around the titles of short poems, song titles, short stories, magazine or newspaper articles, essays, speeches, chapter titles, short films, and episodes of television or radio shows.

Quotation Marks: 

Quotation Marks "Self-Reliance," by Ralph Waldo Emerson "Just Like a Woman," by Bob Dylan "The Smelly Car," an episode of Seinfeld Do not use quotation marks in indirect or block quotations.

What are block quotations? Also Known As: extract, set-off quotation, block quotes, long quotations: 

What are block quotations? Also Known As: extract, set-off quotation, block quotes, long quotations A direct quotation that is not placed inside quotation marks but instead is set off from the rest of a text by starting it on a new line and indenting it from the left margin . Example: Style guides do not agree on the minimum length for a block quotation : Chicago [ The Chicago Manual of Style ] suggests setting off quotations that are eight lines or longer, WIT [ Words Into Type ] puts the cutoff at five lines, and APA [ Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association ] calls for setting off quotations longer than forty words. Many publishers have in-house rules that define "longer" as more than, say, six or eight lines.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

In some cases, two or more short quotations may be put in block format so that readers can easily compare them. (Amy Einsohn , The Copyeditor's Handbook . Univ. of California Press, 2006) "Too many [block quotations] may make your writing seem choppy--or suggest that you have not relied enough on your own thinking." (Andrea Lunsford, The St. Martin's Handbook , 2008)

What are indirect quotations? Also Known As: indirect speech, indirect discourse, reported speech : 

What are indirect quotations? Also Known As: indirect speech, indirect discourse, reported speech A paraphrase of someone else's words. An indirect quotation (unlike a direct quotation ) is not placed in quotation marks . Examples and Observations: "It was Jean Shepherd, I believe, who said that after three weeks in chemistry he was six months behind the class ." (Russell Baker, "The Cruelest Month")

PowerPoint Presentation: 

"An indirect quotation reports someone's words without quoting word for word: Annabelle said that she is a Virgo . A direct quotation presents the exact words of a speaker or writer, set off with quotation marks: Annabelle said, 'I am a Virgo.‘ Unannounced shifts from indirect to direct quotations are distracting and confusing, especially when the writer fails to insert the necessary quotation marks." (Diane Hacker, The Bedford Handbook , 6th ed. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002)

PowerPoint Presentation: 

" Military relations with China also are tough , said U.S. Navy Admiral William Fallon, commander of the U.S. Pacific Command. He said he called Chinese counterparts to discuss North Korea's missile tests, for example, and got a written response that said, in essence, 'Thanks, but no thanks.' " ( Alwyn Scott, "U.S. May Slap China With Suit in Intellectual-Property Dispute." The Seattle Times , July 10, 2006)

PowerPoint Presentation: 

"In his order yesterday, Judge Sand said, in effect, that if the city was willing to offer incentives to developers of luxury housing, commercial centers, shopping malls, and executive parks, it should also be assisting housing for minority group members ." (James Feron , "Citing Bias Order, U.S. Curbs Yonkers on Aid to Builders." The New York Times , Nov. 20, 1987)

Remember: 

Remember COMMA (,) –point out brief pauses in a complex sentence or separate items in a long list Ex. There were a lot of people in the room, teachers, students and parents. I have a brand new car, which is pink.

Remember: 

Remember DASH (–) – used to break up though Ex. A red car – a Ferrari – is the prize. HYPHENS (-) - used to connect words or syllables Ex. There were ninety-nine white rabbits.

Remember: 

Remember COLONS (:) – precede a list, an explanation or example Ex. There is only one thing left to do now: confess while you still have time.

Remember: 

Remember SEMICOLONS (;) – used to help sort out a monster list Ex. We had four professors in our committee; Gregory Ablete , Professor of Mathematics: Alma Palomares , Professor of Education; Gilda Pedrosa , Prof. of Nursing; and Marly Gagano , Prog . English. It is used to separate closely related independent clauses Ex. My cousin seldom goes to bed this early; she’s afraid she’ll miss out on something.

Remember: 

Remember PARENTHESES () – used to include the material that you want to de – emphasize Ex. I was about to say (this may be a repetition) that we must arrive there early. QUOTATION MARK (“) – used to show direct speech Ex. Tobi said, “I want milk”

Is there another way to show emphasis?: 

Is there another way to show emphasis?

Italics: 

Italics Underlining and Italics are often used interchangeably. Before word-processing programs were widely available, writers would underline certain words to indicate to publishers to italicize whatever was underlined. Although the general trend has been moving toward italicizing instead of underlining, you should remain consistent with your choice throughout your paper. To be safe, you could check with your teacher to find out which he/she prefers.

What should we Italicize?: 

What should we Italicize? Italicize the titles of magazines, books, newspapers, academic journals, films, television shows, long poems, plays of three or more acts, operas, musical albums, works of art, websites, and individual trains, planes, or ships.

Italics: 

Italics Time Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare The Metamorphosis of Narcissus by Salvador Dali Amazon.com Titanic

Italics: 

Italics Italicize foreign words. Semper fi , the motto of the U.S. Marine Corps, means "always faithful." Italicize a word or phrase to add emphasis. The truth is of utmost concern!

Italics: 

Italics Italicize a word when referring to that word. The word justice is often misunderstood and therefore misused.

EXERCISES: 

EXERCISES http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/niu/niu13.htm

QUIZ TIME!: 

QUIZ TIME! Put in semicolons, colons, dashes, quotation marks, Italics (use an underline), and parentheses where ever they are needed in the following sentences.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

1. The men in question Harold Keene, Jim Peterson, and Gerald Greene deserve awards. 2. Several countries participated in the airlift Italy, Belgium, France, and Luxembourg. 3. Only one course was open to us surrender, said the ex-major, and we did. 4. Judge Carswell later to be nominated for the Supreme Court had ruled against civil rights. 5. In last week's New Yorker, one of my favorite magazines, I enjoyed reading Leland's article How Not to Go Camping. 6. Yes, Jim said, I'll be home by ten. 7. There was only one thing to do study till dawn. 8. Montaigne wrote the following A wise man never loses anything, if he has himself. 9. The following are the primary colors red, blue, and yellow. 10. Arriving on the 8 10 plane were Liz Brooks, my old roommate her husband and Tim, their son.

ANSWERS: 

ANSWERS

PowerPoint Presentation: 

The men in question (Harold Keene, Jim Peterson, and Gerald Greene) deserve awards. 2. Several countries participated in the airlift: Italy, Belgium, France, and Luxembourg. 3. "Only one course was open to us: surrender," said the ex-major, "and we did." 4. Judge Carswell --later to be nominated for the Supreme Court--had ruled against civil rights. 5. In last week's New Yorker , one of my favorite magazines, I enjoyed reading Leland's article "How Not to Go Camping." 6. " Yes,"Jim said, "I'll be home by ten." 7. There was only one thing to do--study till dawn. 8. Montaigne wrote the following: "A wise man never loses anything, if he has himself." 9. The following are the primary colors: red, blue, and yellow. 10. Arriving on the 8:10 plane were Liz Brooks, my old roommate; her husband; and Tim, their son.

REFERENCES: 

REFERENCES http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/1/6/ http://owl.english.purdue.edu/exercises/3/5/15 http://www.primaryresources.co.uk/english/flash/Punctuation%20Pyramid.html http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/niu/niu13.htm