Chapter 21

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By: Nicole Senko Jamal Robinson Javier Villalon Revolutions in Europe and Latin America

Conservatives and the Old Order : 

Conservatives and the Old Order The congress of Vienna was a victory for the conservative forces, which included monarchs and their officials, noble landowners, and church leaders. Conservatives supported the political and social order that has existed before the French Revolution, which also appealed to peasants, who wanted to preserve traditional ways. Conservatives of the early 1800s wanted to restore royal families to the thrones they had lost when Napoleon swept across Europe. Conservatives believed in defending old ways, if change had to come they wanted it to come slowly. They felt that they benefited all people by defending peace and stability

The Liberal and Nationalist Challenge : 

The Liberal and Nationalist Challenge Challenging the conservatives were liberals and nationalists who were inspired by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. Liberal Goals Liberals spoke mostly for the bourgeoisie, middle class, their ideas were sometimes called “bourgeois liberalism”. Liberals included business owners, bankers, and lawyers, as well as politicians, newspaper editors, writers, and others who helped shape public opinion.

Liberal Goals : 

Liberal Goals They wanted the government to be based on written constitutions and separation of powers, and favored a republican government rather than a monarchy. They defend natural rights like liberty, equality, and property. They called for rulers elected by the people and responsible to them. The Early 1800s liberals saw the role of government limited to protecting basic rights such as freedom of thought, speech, and religion. They strongly supported the laissez faire economics of Adam Smith and David Ricardo.

Nationalist Goals : 

Nationalist Goals By 1815 Europe had several empires with nationalities In the 1800s national groups shared common heritage set out to win their own states They gave people a common heritage, a sense of identity and the goal of creating their own homeland. Bred intolerance and led to persecution of other ethnic or national groups.

Revolts against the Old Order : 

Revolts against the Old Order Revolutionaries fought against the old order Early 1800s, rebellions erupted in the Balkan Peninsula and elsewhere along the southern fringe of Europe. Independence for Serbia The first Balkan people to revolt were the Serbs 1804-1813, Serb leader Kara George led a guerrilla war against the ottomans. In 1815, Milos Obrenovic led the Serbs in a second, more successful rebellion. By 1830, Russian support helped the Serbs with autonomy, or self rule, within the ottoman empire

Independence for Greece & Other Challenges : 

Independence for Greece & Other Challenges 1820, the Greeks, too, revolted seeking to end centuries of ottoman rule. Several other challenges to the Vienna peace settlement erupted in the 1820s Revolts occurred along the southern fringe of Europe. Troops dampened the fires of liberalism and nationalism, but could not smother them.

Revolutions of 1830 & 1848Ch.21 Sec 2 : 

Revolutions of 1830 & 1848Ch.21 Sec 2 As a strong believer in absolutism, Charles X suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote, and restricted the press. Which caused an revolt leading into Louis Phillepe becoming king. When the government tried to silence critics and prevent public meetings, angry crowds took to the streets. This caused revolutionary leaders to proclaim a Second republic In 1848, revolts in Paris created a chain of revolts which uprooted all across Europe. In Austria Metternich resigned Italian Nationalists expelled the pope. The French Army later restored the pope’s power Persian liberals compelled King Frederick William IV to agree to a constitution. But the constitution was annulled within a year, and Fredrick issued his own constitution.

End Of Rebellions : 

End Of Rebellions By 1850 the rebellions had faded, ending the age of liberal revolution that had begun in 1789. Rulers used military force to suppress the uprisings. Revolutionaries did not have mass support. A growing gulf divided workers seeking radical economic change and liberals pursuing moderate political reforms

Spanish RuleCh.21 Section 3 : 

Spanish RuleCh.21 Section 3 Latin America was ruled by Spain for 300 years Peninsulares or Spanish born held domination over political and social Latin American life Latin American consisted of: Creoles- European descent Latin Americans (owned haciendas, ranches, and mines) Mestizos- people of Native American and European descent Mulattoes- people of African and European descent

Classes : 

Classes The different classes distrusted and feared each other and only had hatred against Spain in common. Creoles- held second-class status, were educated in the works of enlightened thinkers. They watched as the colonists in North America throw British rule, and they had the Declaration of Independence and the U.S constitution translated. During French revolution traveled to Europe and learned about “liberty, equality, & fraternity Women: high involvement in independence and revolutionary plots, they even hosted the meetings at salons, called tertulias.

Napoleons invasion of Spain : 

Napoleons invasion of Spain In 1808 Napoleon invaded Spain and replaced the Spanish king Ferdinand VII with his brother Joseph. Latin American leaders saw this event as an opportunity to reject the Spanish domination and gain independence.

Haiti : 

Haiti Haiti was Frances most valued possession In Haiti there were 25,000 free mulattoes that were wealthy, owned slaves. But did not have full equality with French creoles. In Haiti French planters owned sugar plantations worked by half a million slaves. 1790’s French revolutionaries talked about ways to abolish slavery. 1791 Haitian slaves revolted, inspired by talks of liberty and equality

Toussaint L’Ouverture : 

Toussaint L’Ouverture Toussaint was the Haitian revolt leader; he was a self-educated former slave, a great commander and general, although untrained. To inspire his troops Toussaint would say “We are fighting so that liberty- the most precious of all earthly possessions may not perish” The Haitian guerilla fought mulattoes, French planters, British army, and the Spanish. 1798 rebels achieved goals of freeing slaves and having control over most of the island. 1802 Napoleon wants to reconquer Haiti fails due to troops dying of yellow fever. April 1802 truce, temporary peace, between French and guerilla

Haitian Independence : 

Haitian Independence Toussaint gets captured by French gets shackled and carried to France where he died 10 months later. 1804 Haitian leaders declared independence 1820 Haiti became a republic

Independence for Mexico : 

Independence for Mexico On September 15, 1810 the Creole priest Miguel Hidalgo raised a cry for freedom in Mexico. This cry is know as “el Grito de Dolores” called for “Independence and Liberty” Hidalgo’s supporters were poor mestizos, native Americans and Creoles. Miguel Hidalgo was capture less than one year after his call for independence and was executed.

José Morelos : 

José Morelos José Morelos and other priest took over after Hidalgo and worked for improvement of conditions, abolishment of slavery, and to give the vote to all men. From 1811 to 1815 Morelos led the rebel forces but in 1815 he was captured and shot.

Independence Achieved : 

Independence Achieved A forced constitution in 1820 in Spain caused the conservative Creole Agustín de Iturbide to worry. Agustín joined forces with the revolutionaries in fear that reforms might be enforced on the colonies. Backed by Creoles, mestizos, and natives Iturbide overthrew the Spanish viceroy Once Mexico become independent Augustín took title of Emperor but was toppled and the Republic of Mexico was formed.

Central America : 

Central America Colonies in central America declared independence in 1820’s and Emperor Iturbide tried to make them part of Mexico but was overthrown and the territory became known as United Provinces of Central America. Union of Central America didn’t last and the Republics of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica.

Independence in South America : 

Independence in South America Tupac Amaru, a native, demanded an end to the brutal system of forced Indian labor, his demand was rejected so he led a revolt in1780 but again failed. After revolt the Spanish king ordered officials to look at system of labor and eventually that system was abolished.

Simón Bolivar : 

Simón Bolivar Bolivar was an educated Creole, he started independence movement in Venezuela. 1808 after Napoleon occupied Spain, Bolivar acted and in 1810 he led an uprising that established a republic in Venezuela. The republic didn’t last long because of civil wars in Venezuela. After coming back from exile from Haiti, Símon created the plan of marching across the Andes and attack the Spanish in Bogotá, capital of viceroyalty of New Granada( now Colombia). Bolivar got help from llaneros, Venezuelan cowboys

Simón Bolivar cont. : 

Simón Bolivar cont. August 1821 with help of cowboys Bolivar took Bogotá from the Spanish. By 1821 Simón had free Caracas Venezuela and was known as “The Liberator” after freeing Caracas he moved south to Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador; here he joined forces with an Other South American leader José de San Martín

José de San Martín : 

José de San Martín José was an Argentinean Creole, who had military training in Europe. He was also a gifted general who helped Argentina gain freedom from Spain in 1816. He defeated the Spanish in Chile and then moved to Peru. The two great South American leaders tried to work together but couldn’t because of different points of view.

Dreams and Disappointments : 

Dreams and Disappointments Independence wars ended by 1824 Simón Bolivar wanted to unite the lands that he liberated into a single nation called Gran Colombia The nation didn’t last because of rivalries so the nation was split into Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. Another disappointment was that the colonies struggled to achieve stable government and a longer one for democracy.

Independence for Brazil : 

Independence for Brazil After Napoleon conquered Portugal the royal family moved to Brazil. Many reforms, including free trade were introduced to Brazil by the Portuguese king. After the royal family moved back to Portugal the king appointed his son Dom Pedro to rule Brazil. In 1822 Brazil got its independence because of revolution and new leaders in Portugal. Dom Pedro became emperor. A constitution was accepted and Brazil was monarchy until 1889.