Rome: Republic to Empire

Republic toEmpire (6.2) : 

Republic toEmpire (6.2)

Roman Conquests : 

Roman Conquests After Rome defeated Carthage, it seemed no Mediterranean force could stop the Romans Rome then launched a series of wars on the Eastern Mediterranean One by one, Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Asia Minor (Turkey) surrendered and became Roman provinces Other regions, like Egypt, allied with Rome By 133 B.C., Romans called the Mediterranean Mare Nostrum, or “Our Sea” 2

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Rome’s Early Road System

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Roman Roads: The Appian Way *Oldest and most important of the Roman roads *”queen road” *321 B.C. completed *Connected Rome to Brandisi—part of the route to Greece

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Imperial Roman Road System

Imperialism : 

Imperialism Imperialism: a policy in which strong nations dominate weaker ones politically, economically, or socially Victory over Carthage gave Rome a taste of imperialism—wealth from plunder, slaves for cheap labor, new farm lands, control of trade routes, provinces for taxation, glory for generals

The Decline of the Republic : 

The Decline of the Republic Roman imperialism brought with it a set of growing problems that weakened the Republic 1. Growing gap between rich and poor 2. Rise of slave agriculture and the decline of free peasant farmers (became landless urban poor) 3. Breakdown in military order 4. Greed and self-interest replaced virtues such as simplicity, hard work, and devotion to Rome 5. Corruption

The Gracchi Brothers—tribunes acting for the people : 

The Gracchi Brothers—tribunes acting for the people Tiberius Gracchus represented interests of Rome’s lower class---served as tribune. Called for the redistribution of state lands to displaced peasants, laws against corruption, extension of voting rights He was assassinated in 133 B.C. His brother Gaius Gracchus continued his brother’s reforms (assassinated in 121 B.C.) Attempted reforms—demonstrate how serious the social problems were in Rome

Slave Revolts : 

Slave Revolts Rome faced a series of slave revolts between 135-71 B.C. Slaves--1/3 of the population Rebellion led by the gladiator Spartacus was the most serious one General Crassus put down revolt in 71 B.C.—lined the Appian Way with 6,000 crucified slaves

Military Upheaval : 

Military Upheaval Old system: citizen-soldiers showed allegiance to the republic—loyal and patriotic New order: generals promised soldiers land and other rewards for good service---allegiance given to powerful commanders who used the army as they saw fit—dangerous situation for the republic Marius professionalizes the military---citizen-soldier is no longer adequate for an empire

General Marius:Professional Army : 

General Marius:Professional Army General in the Roman army. Marius transformed Rome’s army into a professional military with the best training and equipment Civil War breaks out in Rome and Marius seizes Rome in 87 B.C. as a dictator. He recruited a private army from landless residents to support him.

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The Dictatorship of the First Triumvirate Julius Caesar (Marius’ nephew—elected consul in 60 B.C.) Crassus (wealthy citizen—made governor of Syria where he was killed) Pompey—(popular general—waged a civil war against Caesar—lost & assassinated in 47 B.C.)

Julius Caesar Conquers Gaul : 

Julius Caesar Conquers Gaul *58-50 B.C. *Caesar’s military genius is displayed *Wrote the book The Gallic Wars—propaganda—presents himself as the greatest living Roman *“Veni, vidi, vici” – “I came, I saw, I conquered”

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Julius Caesar : 

Julius Caesar In 47 B.C. he seized power in Rome and was made dictator. A short time later, in 44 B.C. he was given the title dictator for life. His soldiers were loyal to him, not to Rome Gave public land to the poor, started a job program, granted citizenship to more people in the provinces He increased the Senate to 900 members and then packed it with supporters of his reforms. Caesar’s most lasting reform was the introduction of the Julian Calendar based on Egyptian knowledge – 365 day/year calendar—July named after him Popularity breeds contempt

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Beware the Ides of March! Caesar is assassinated on March 15 44 B.C. by members of the Senate led by Cassius and his friend Brutus—”Et tu Brute?”—stabbed over 20 times

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The Second Triumvirate 43-31 B.C. Octavian Augustus (age 18—grandnephew of Caesar) Marc Antony (experienced general—Caesar’s favorite) Marcus Lepidus (powerful politician)

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The Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Mark Antony, Marcus Lepidus

Antony & Cleopatra : 

Antony & Cleopatra While in Egypt, Mark Antony began a romantic relationship with Cleopatra (the mother of Caesar’s child Caesarian) Antony wanted Cleopatra for Egypt’s wealth, and Cleopatra wanted Antony for his Roman armies The two soon married and 3 kids (2 were twins) This marriage outraged Octavian---Antony was already married to his sister Octavia Rumors spread that Antony & Cleopatra planned to form an empire Antony declared Caesarian as the true heir to the Roman throne Greed and ambition pitted the two men against each other Antony & Cleopatra ?defeated by Octavian Augustus in 31 B.C. at the naval battle of Actium

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21 CLEOPATRA, QUEEN of EGYPT

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Defeat at Actium—Doomed Lovers Commit Suicide : 

Defeat at Actium—Doomed Lovers Commit Suicide Deadly asp used by Cleopatra to commit suicide Antony falls on his sword

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The Roman Empire: 27 BCE - 476 CE

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25 Emperor Augustus 31 BCE – 14 CE

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Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Emperor Augustus was a master at using art for propaganda purposes—this statue represents Augustus in the process of giving a formal speech---Bacchus is at his feet—he is no longer a general who needs to win victories through battle—he convinces people through speeches—peace in exchange for absolute power

Octavian becomes Augustus : 

Octavian becomes Augustus The senate gave the triumphant Octavian the title of Augustus, or Exalted One Augustus exercised absolute power Under Augustus, who ruled from 31 B.C. to A.D. 14, the 500-year-old Roman republic came to an end New age had dawned—the age of the Roman Empire Augustus' reign laid foundations of a regime that lasted until the Empire’s decline 27

Pax Romana : 

Pax Romana Ara Pacis — ALTAR OF PEACE--monument commissioned by Augustus to glorify his reign of peace and prosperity—symbolic relief sculptures represent the benefits of the Pax Romana Pax Romana, Age of Peace, lasted 207 years! Rome is at its height of power.

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The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

Augustus: Provides Basis for a Stable Empire : 

Augustus: Provides Basis for a Stable Empire Stabilized the frontier Laws were passed giving citizens more rights Romans were the first people to take a census Civil service founded—paid employees to manage the affairs of the government A professional army of 150,000 formed, divided into large groups called legions (5,000 each)

Augustus: Provides Basis for Stable Empire : 

Augustus: Provides Basis for Stable Empire Roads were built New government buildings—glorify Rome—public baths, libraries, temples, basilicas Agriculture became most important industry—90% --basis for supporting the huge empire (latifundia = plantations) Aqueduct system —carry fresh running water into the cities Aqueducts---example of Roman engineering and building skills

The Five Good Emperors 96-180 A.D. : 

The Five Good Emperors 96-180 A.D. Five Good Emperors—kept the empire stable, followed Augustus’ model and reforms, promoted the Pax Romana Flourishing in literature, arts, philosophy, science Marcus Aurelius (last Good Emperor)—philosopher emperor— a Stoic--wrote the Meditations ?discusses good gov’t , service, duty

RomanSociety : 

RomanSociety

Bread & Circuses : 

Bread & Circuses Quality of life in Rome—based on social position Wealthy patricians lived in luxurious villas with central courtyards—lifestyle was lavish—gave big banquets with rare foods (parrot-tongue pie mmmm) Poor—received food from the government (early form of welfare)—lived in tenements Government gave many celebrations and spectacles to keep the urban poor distracted from the real problems (food and entertainment = bread and circuses)

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Circus Maximus—chariot races and mock battles (even naval ones in the flooded theater) Roman Colosseum—blood sports---audience decided if a fallen gladiator should live or die

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36 Gladiator Games

Family Life in the Roman Empire : 

Family Life in the Roman Empire The family included all household members who lived together. Father of the family ruled the household Women had considerable power in their own families and many ran businesses and managed estates. Ancestor worship was extremely important to the family.

Pompeii—preserved Roman city : 

Pompeii—preserved Roman city Etruscan town that was conquered by Rome. At the time of its destruction in 79 AD by a volcanic eruption it had a population of 20,000 A favorite resort of wealthy Romans and Emperors.

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Pompeii August 24, AD 79

Pompeii—the dead : 

Pompeii—the dead

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Graffiti

Villa Interior- Pompeii : 

Villa Interior- Pompeii Shows wall frescoes and floor tiles