history

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History of Animation

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Early Animation Evidence of artistic interest in depicting figures in motion can be seen as early as the still drawings of Paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple sets of legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. Other examples include a 5,200-year old earthen bowl found in Iran in Shahr-i Sokhta and an ancient Egyptian mural. The Persian bowl has five images painted along the sides, showing phases of a goat leaping up to nip at a tree. The Egyptian Mural, approximately 4000 years old, shows wrestlers in action. Seven drawings by Leonardo da Vinci510) extending over two folios in the Windsor Collection, Anatomical Studies of the Muscles of the Neck, Shoulder, Chest, and Arm, show detailed drawings of the upper body (with a less-detailed facial image), illustrating the changes as the torso turns from profile to frontal position and the forearm extends. Even though all these early examples may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, the lack of equipment to show the images in motion means that these image series are precursors to animation and cannot be called animation in the modern sense. They do, however, indicate the artists' intentions and interests in depicting motion

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Victorian parlor toys Zoetrope (180 AD; 1834) The magic lantern Thaumatrope (1824) Phenakistoscope (1831) Flip book (1868) Praxinoscope (1877)

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Zoetrope The zoetrope is a device which creates the image of a moving picture. The earliest elementary zoetrope was created in China around 180 AD by the prolific inventor Ting Haun(丁緩). Made from translucent paper or mica panels, Huan hung the device over a lamp. The rising air turned vanes at the top from which hung the pictures painted on the panels would appear to move if the device is spun at the right speed. The modern zoetrope was produced in 1834 by Willliam George Horner. The device is essentially a cylinder with vertical slits around the sides. Around the inside edge of the cylinder there are a series of pictures on the opposite side to the slits. As the cylinder is spun, the user then looks through the slits to view the illusion of motion. The zoetrope is still being used in animation courses to illustrate early concepts of animation.

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Magic Lantern The Magic Lantern is the predecessor of the modern day projector. It consisted of a translucent oil painting and a simple lamp. When put together in a darkened room, the image would appear larger on a flat surface. Athansius Kircher spoke about this originating from China in the 16th century. Some slides for the lanterns contained parts that could be mechanically actuated to present limited movement on the screen.

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A Thaumatrope was a simple toy used in the Victorian era. A thaumatrope is a small circular disk or card with two different pictures on each side that was attached to a piece of string or a pair of strings running through the centre. When the string is twirled quickly between the fingers, the two pictures appear to combine into a single image. The thaumatrope demonstrates the Phi phenomenon, the brain's ability to persistently perceive an image. Its invention is variously credited to Charles Babbage, Peter Roget, or John Avrton Paris, but Paris is known to have used one to illustrate the Phi phenomenon in 1824 to the Royal College of Physicians. Thaumatrope

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Phenakistoscope The phenakistoscope was an early animation device, the predecessor of the zoetrope. It was invented in 1831 simultaneously by the Belgian Josoeph Plateau and the Austrian Simon von Stampfer.

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Flip Book The first flip book was patented in 1868 by a John Barnes Linnet. Flip books were yet another development that brought us closer to modern animation. Like the Zoetrope, the Flip Book creates the illusion of motion. A set of sequential pictures flipped at a high speed creates this effect. The Mutoscope(1894) is basically a flip book in a box with a crank handle to flip the pages.

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The praxinoscope, invented by French scientist Charles-Emile Reynaud, was a more sophisticated version of the zoetrope. It used the same basic mechanism of a strip of images placed on the inside of a spinning cylinder, but instead of viewing it through slits, it was viewed in a series of small, stationary mirrors around the inside of the cylinder, so that the animation would stay in place, and provide a clearer image and better quality. Reynaud also developed a larger version of the praxinoscope that could be projected onto a screen, called the Theatre Optique. Praxinoscope

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Different Types Of Present Day Animations

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Clay animation is not really a new technique as many people might think.  Clay animation began shortly after plasticine (a clay-like substance) was invented in 1897, and one of the first films to use it was made in 1902.  This type of animation was not very popular until Gumby was invented.  The invention of Gumby was a big step in the history of clay animation.  Now, clay animation has become more popular and easier to do.  Later on, more clay animation films were made, such as the Wallace and Gromit series of movies, the advertisements that were made for the California Raisin Advisory Board and the Celebrity Deathmatch series. Clay animation

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Computer animation has also become common.  Computer animation began about 40 years ago when the first computer drawing system was created by General Motors and IBM. It allowed the user to view a 3D model of a car and change the angles and rotation.  Years later, more people helped make computer animation better.  Movies that used computer animation are: The Abyss, Jurassic Park, Forrest Gump, and more.  Also, computer animation was used differently, as in the show 'South Park', which used stop motion cutout animation; recently it uses computer animation.  A well-known computer animation company is Pixar.  They are responsible for making Toy Story, A Bug's Life, Monsters Inc., Finding Nemo, and more.  Also, video games have used computer animation as well. Computer Animation

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http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Miscellaneous/JCMBhouse/Zoetrope.jpeg http://wernernekes.de/00_cms/cms/upload/Fotos_Sammlung/Fotos_Glossar/MagicLantern.jpg http://www.cacourses.com/gr12/images/thaumatrope1.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Phenakistoscope_3g07690u.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_animation http://www.homevestors.com/images/ug_history4.gif http://hhs.hilmar.k12.ca.us/Departments/FineArts/Animation/Types%20of%20Animation.htm