cite samples

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Citation Primer :

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Menu Introduction When not to cite Direct quote reminder Paraphrasing explained Prefacing Basic parenthetical samples Citing Examples Cite organization as an author Author/ page # Author/ no page # More than one author Two works in same sentence Multiple works by same author Authors with Same Last Names Book with an editor as an author No author / Web or Database Journal Long quotation Quote with words omitted Quote with word added Indirect Quote: article that is quoting another author Citing Common Literature Citing the Bible Multi-Volume Work

When a Citation Is Not Needed : 

When a Citation Is Not Needed Common sense and ethics should determine your need for documenting sources. You do not need to give sources for familiar proverbs, well-known quotations or common knowledge. Remember, this is a rhetorical choice, based on audience. If you're writing for an expert audience of a scholarly journal, for example, they'll have different expectations of what constitutes common knowledge. BackMenu to Menu

When Using a Direct Quotation:: 

When Using a Direct Quotation: Y ou use the exact wording of the author from the source; therefore, you MUST use quotation marks. Quotations can be short (4 lines or less) and long (more than 4 lines). BackMenu to Menu

When Paraphrasing: 

When Paraphrasing Y ou may put a statement into your own words, but you still need to the cite the author or work because this idea or fact has been “borrowed”. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself OR in parenthesis following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number (s) should always appear in parenthesis, not in the text of your sentence. When using facts that are word for word, be sure to preface the quoted fact. BackMenu to Menu

Always Preface:: 

Always Preface : Introduce the quotation or paraphrase. A sentence should NEVER start with a quotation; you must always write something first to make the quote flow with the rest of your text. BackMenu to Menu

Some Basic Parenthetical Sample: 

Some Basic Parenthetical Sample BackMenu to Menu

Work with Organization as an Author: : 

Work with Organization as an Author: MLA format follows the author- page method of citation. The author’s last name and the page number (s) from which the quotation or information is taken must appear in the text. A complete reference should appear in your Works Cited page. Special Note For an organization, the first mention must be the entire name followed by the p arenthetical acronym if you wish to continue using just the acronym throughout the rest of the paper… …for example: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a statement regarding the validity of supplements. The FDA also gave further evidence that… Sample

Sample Author: The Associated Press Page: 12 Quote: Students have refused to give up their cell phones, saying the devices have become too vital to their daily existence and to their parents’ peace of mind. : 

Sample Author : The Associated Press Page : 12 Quote: Students have refused to give up their cell phones, saying the devices have become too vital to their daily existence and to their parents’ peace of mind. There are 3 different ways to accomplish citing this: Internal citation of author and preface the quote , use part of the quote word for word. Include the page number in external parenthetical citation. The Associated Press (AP) stated that there is reluctance by students to relinquish their cell phones because “the devices have become too vital to their daily existence…” (12). More Samples

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OR Preface the quote, use part of the quote word for word, external parenthetical citation for author and page number . Students will not hand over cell phones because they are “too vital to their daily existence…” (The Associated Press 12). OR Internal Citation of author , paraphrase of the entire quote , parenthetical citation for page number . The Associated Press (AP) explains that because students believe their cell phones are crucial to their everyday activities, they have adamantly declined handing them over to school authorities (12). BackMenu to Menu

Author/ Page #: 

Author/ Page # To indicate short quotations (4 or less typed lines) in your text, enclose the quotation within quotation marks and incorporate it into your text by prefacing or introducing the quote. Then, provide the author and specific page citation in the text. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear AFTER the parenthetical citation. Question marks and Exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are part of the quoted passage. Sample Fig. 7. Parenthetical text citations.

Sample Author: James Sterling Page: 32 Quote: Children are at much higher risk than adults of experiencing health problems related to regular exposure to radio frequency radiation; thinner and smaller skulls translate to greater absorption of radio frequency. : 

Sample Author: James Sterling Page: 32 Quote: Children are at much higher risk than adults of experiencing health problems related to regular exposure to radio frequency radiation; thinner and smaller skulls translate to greater absorption of radio frequency. 2 ways this can be done: Preface the quote, and use part of the statement as a quote , cite the author parenthetically . According to some current health warnings, “Children are at much higher risk than adults of experiencing health problems related to regular exposure to radio frequency radiation; thinner and smaller skulls translate to greater absorption of radio frequency.” (Sterling 32). OR Internally cite the author, preface the quote, and use part of the statement as a quote . According to James Sterling’s study, the dangers are not always equal as “Children are at much higher risk than adults of experiencing health problems related to regular exposure to radio frequency radiation; thinner and smaller skulls translate to greater absorption of radio frequency” (32). Special note: -The first time an author’s name is used internally, use the whole name. For instance “James Sterling believes…” -After that you may refer to the last name for further internal referencing. For instance, “Sterling also promotes…” BackMenu to Menu

Work with Author but No Page #: 

Work with Author but No Page # To indicate short quotations (4 or less typed lines) in your text, enclose the quotation within quotation marks and incorporate it into your text by prefacing or introducing the quote. Then, provide the author and specific page citation in the text. When there is no page number, it is omitted. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear AFTER the parenthetical citation. Question marks and Exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are part of the quoted passage. Sample

Sample Author: Adam Foulkes Page: None Quote: The study of dreams has been widely used to prove profound aspects of personality are evident in seemingly unrelated events recounted in the dreams. : 

Sample Author: Adam Foulkes Page: None Quote: The study of dreams has been widely used to prove profound aspects of personality are evident in seemingly unrelated events recounted in the dreams. 2 ways this can be done: Preface the quote, and use part of the statement as a quote , cite the author parenthetically . According to some, dreams express “profound aspects of personality…” ( Foulkes ). OR Internally cite the author, preface the quote, and use part of the statement as a quote . According to Adam Foulkes ’ study, dreams may express “profound aspects of personality...” BackMenu to Menu

More than One Author: 

More than One Author 2 Authors: (Bradley and Rogers 7) 3 Authors (Sumner, Reichl , and Waugh 23). 4 or More Authors Jones et al. counter Smith, Yang, and Moore's argument by noting that the current spike in gun violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun laws (4). or Legal experts counter Smith, Yang, and Moore's argument by noting that the current spike in gun violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun laws (Jones et al. 4). BackMenu to Menu

Two Works Cited in Same Sentence: 

Two Works Cited in Same Sentence When paraphrasing and combining ideas from 2 works they need to be separated parenthetically by a semicolon: (Burns 54; Thomas 327) If the two ideas are kept separate in the writing for emphasis or contrast, cite parenthetically after each: Yet what seems to be at the heart of people’s disaffection is the fact that “repressive, often western-backed regimes led by strongmen or ruling cliques have maintained ossified systems in the Arab world for decades” (Burns 54) and “those heading the regimes and their cronies have led comfortable lives, while the vast majority of Arab citizens have been denied their political or economic rights” (Thomas 327). BackMenu to Menu

Citing Multiple Works by the Same Author:: 

Citing Multiple Works by the Same Author: For a single citation in a sentence where the author is mentioned again in another article in a different part of the paper . Also, watch for the special note regarding how to include the same author for multiple works in your Works cited page! Sample

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Sample Articles Author : James Stockwell Article #1 Title: “Towards Justice on the Road” Page: B1 Quote: The trial that ensued charged that Jason Jones was busy talking on a cell phone and charged him with two counts of vehicular manslaughter and did not pursue higher charges in the deaths of John and Carole Hall. Author: James Stockwell Article #2 Title: “Man and Negligence Should not be an Excuse” Page: B4 Quote: Jason Jones learned this lesson in law and was convicted of negligent driving and fined $500, the maximum penalty allowed. How to cite

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When using more than one work by the same author in your paper, the author's name must be followed by a comma, accompanied by a word from the title of the source you are referring to in quotes , and the page number (if provided). On December 6, 2000, it was reported that distracted driver Jason Jones had been charged with "two counts of vehicular manslaughter . . . in the deaths of John and Carole Hall" ( Stockwell , "Towards" B1 ). Further Sample

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When using both articles in the same sentence, follow this example: On December 6, 2000, it was reported that distracted driver Jason Jones had been charged with "two counts of vehicular manslaughter . . . In the deaths of John and Carole Hall" ( Stockwell , " Towards“ B1 ) and the next day reported the judge's ruling: Jones "was convicted of negligent driving and fined $500, the maximum penalty allowed" ( Stockwell , "Man" B4). Special Note for the Works Cited Page

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Special Note On the Works Cited page the first Alphabetical article appears as a full entry and the Authors name is replaced by 3 hyphens for the second entry as in the following example: Stockwell , James. " Man and Negligence Should not be an Excuse." When Morality Meets Legality. Ed. Mike Rose. New York: Guilford, 1986. B4. ---. "Towards Justice on the Road." Legal Justice 46.1 (1995): B1. BackMenu to Menu

Authors with Same Last Names: 

Authors with Same Last Names Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials (or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation. For example: Some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12). Other experts note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46). BackMenu to Menu

Book with an Editor as an Author: 

Book with an Editor as an Author Works Cited Entry: Galley, Krista E. M., ed. Global Climate Change and Wildlife in North America. Bethesda: Wildlife Society, 2004. Print. In-text citation: (Galley 125) BackMenu to Menu

Web or Database Journal With No Author:: 

Web or Database Journal With No Author: If the work you are citing has no author, use the editor(s). If neither are listed use the work’s title (or web page title) in quotation marks if it is an article title or italicized if a book title. If the title is long, an abbreviated version of the title (first 1-2 words of the title) may be used. Sample

Sample (if there is an editor) Article Title: “Wordsworth in Review” Page: 98 Editors: Steven Miller and Sara Cuyer Quote: “Wordsworth’s stubbornness resides as much with readers who don’t want to change their minds as with the poet who so successfully ‘hid’ his early development from posterity.” : 

Sample (if there is an editor) Article Title: “ Wordsworth in Review” Page: 98 Editors : Steven Miller and Sara Cuyer Quote: “ Wordsworth’s stubbornness resides as much with readers who don’t want to change their minds as with the poet who so successfully ‘hid’ his early development from posterity.” Some believe Wordsworth remains “stubbornly hidden,” but others disagree, ruefully recognizing that “Wordsworth’s stubbornness resides as much with readers who don’t want to change their minds as with the poet who so successfully ‘hid’ his early development from posterity” (Miller and Cuyer 98). Note : In the works cited page the entry for the editor instead of the author must denote their title, followed by the article title etc.--- Miller, Steven, and Sara Cuyer , eds. Wordsworth in Review… Next Sample

Sample (if there is no editor) Article Title: “Wordsworth is a Loser Based on Current Standards” Page: 100 Quote: Wordsworth does not compare well to the pragmatism of the modern world as his poems are too emotional.: 

Sample (if there is no editor) Article Title: “ Wordsworth is a Loser Based on Current Standards” Page: 100 Quote: Wordsworth does not compare well to the pragmatism of the modern world as his poems are too emotional . An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that “his poems are too emotional ” (“Wordsworth is a Loser” 100). Note Internal citation can also be used when there is no author or page #. This would be an example of internal citation when there is no page #: In an article titled “Wordsworth is a Loser,” an anonymous critic argued that “his poems are too emotional” (100). BackMenu to Menu

Long Quotations:: 

Long Quotations: After developing your own preface , place quotations longer than 4 typed lines in a free-standing block and omit quotation marks . Start the quotation on a new line, indented one inch from the left margin , and maintain double spacing . The right margin remains the same as the normal paper. Your parenthetical citation should come AFTER the closing punctuation mark . The Author , or article title if no author is given, can be cited internally in the preface or parenthetically at the end of the quote . Sample

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Sample …because feminism is structured around emphasizing the differences between men and women, this school of feminist theory has not been able to account for differences among women. In her article entitled “Feminism and Subordination,” Nancy Fraser is clear on this point: In repressing the differences among women, the mainstream movement had also repressed axes of subordination other than gender . It therefore repressed what Deborah King has called “multiple jeopardy,” the multiple forms of subordination faced by lesbians , women of color, and/or poor and working class women. Consequently , the mainstream movement failed to grasp the multiple affiliations of such women, their loyalty to more than one social movement . (179) Note the block indent– return to your normal paragraph after the quote with the standard 1” margin BackMenu to Menu

Omitting Words in a Quotation: 

Omitting Words in a Quotation Ellipsis: punctuation marks that indicate a segment of a quote has been omitted. Should only be done if the segment used still makes sense based on the context within which it is being used. The word processing rule is to put a space before and after the ellipsis. Do not put spaces between them as the software is already set to recognize the spacing. Sample “…”

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Example of omitting beginning segment: You do not have to use the ellipses when you omit information at the BEGINNING of the quotation. In this case, the first letter of where you pick up the quotation must be lower case. “Regardless of whether talking about professional, college, or even high school today, sports have lost credibility as a result of the league officials’ negligence to enforce standards.” Those in favor of drug testing professional athletes argue that “sports have lost credibility as a result of the league officials’ negligence to enforce standards.” (Here, the “s” is lowercase because the original quoted sentence did not begin at “sports.”) Further Sample

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Example of omitting middle segment: “They prepare students for the real world since the a significant percentage of corporate attire is readily visible in mainstream America; even McDonalds has employees wear uniforms.” “They prepare students for the real world ... even McDonalds has employees wear uniforms.” Example of omitting end segment: “Before making the uniform decision, he suggests that schools carefully consider their unique populations; what kind of message they want to send; and whether or not they think their kids will go for it.” “Before making the uniform decision, he suggests that schools carefully consider their unique populations …” BackMenu to Menu

Adding Words in Quotations:: 

Adding Words in Quotations: Sample Author : Jan Harold Brunvard Page: 78 Quote: It is valuable for our understanding when some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale because missing links and information gaps become quite evident. The transference of information is expedited in this way and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs . If you add a word or words in a quotation , you should put brackets around the words to indicate that they are not part of the original text . A wide understanding of geographic culture is valuable as Jan Harold Brunvard , in an essay on urban legends , states that “some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale …” (78). BackMenu to Menu

Cite a Quote Within a Quote- Also Known as Indirect Quote:: 

Cite a Quote Within a Quote- Also Known as Indirect Quote: Sometimes you will want to use a direct quote from a writer who is actually using someone else's direct quote. For example if you are reading by book by William Brey and he refers to a sample done by Larry Jones that revealed "ten percent of the air we breathe is polluted," you would cite each author in your paper and use a single parenthesis mark to note what is quoted within the quote . Sample

Sample Author: William Brey Page: 55 Quote: As a result of the harmful gases emitted in the environment, Larry Jones confirmed that, “Ten percent of the air we breathe is polluted.” : 

Sample Author: William Brey Page: 55 Quote: As a result of the harmful gases emitted in the environment, Larry Jones confirmed that, “ Ten percent of the air we breathe is polluted. ” William Brey confirms that “As a result of the harmful gases emitted in the environment, Larry Jones found, ‘Ten percent of the air we breathe is polluted’” (55). Denying that man has emitted toxic compunds to the environment would be folly as Larry Jones found, “Ten percent of the air we breathe is polluted ” ( qtd . in Brey 55). or BackMenu to Menu

Citing Common Literature: 

Citing Common Literature Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work like Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto . In such cases, give the page number of your edition (making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course) followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume (vol.), book (bk.), part (pt.), chapter ( ch .), section (sec.), or paragraph (par.). For example: Sample 1 Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class struggles (79; ch . 1). Sample 2 One of the most memorable scenes in Don Quixote is when the man of la Mancha charges and tilts at the windmills (Cervantes 4; bk. 5, ch . 16). BackMenu to Menu

Citing the Bible: 

Citing the Bible Parenthetical References In parenthetical references, the titles of the books of the Bible are often abbreviated.  Click here to see the list of common abbreviations for books of the Bible found in the MLA Handbook. Example :  (2 Cor. 5.17) A period separates chapter and verse. The first time you refer to a particular version of the Bible, include the name of the version, followed by a comma. Example :  (New International Version, Gen. 3.15) You do not need to identify the version in subsequent references unless you switch to a different version. BackMenu to Menu

Online Source with Numbered Paragraphs: 

Online Source with Numbered Paragraphs Use the Author’s name or article/ web page title, followed by a comma, the abbreviation for paragraphs and the number of the paragraphs: (Fox, pars. 4-5) BackMenu to Menu

Multi-Volume Work: 

Multi-Volume Work References to volumes and pages (Wilson 2: 1-18) References to an entire volume (Henderson, vol. 3) BackMenu to Menu