Education and Privatization

Education and Privatization in India : 

Education and Privatization in India

India : 

India High Diversity and many Contradictions 60% youth Average Per capita Income and wage levels - low However, middle income group and high income group increase High domestic demand for variety of goods Economy growth attributed to knowledge-based industries Lacking trained man power with diverse skills Growth rate - 8% HE not prepared to face challenges

Higher Education in India : 

Higher Education in India India's Spending on Higher Education in 2010 is 13% of GDP Current Spending Rs. 46200 crore In 10 years Rs. 150000 crores Average growth rate of 12.8% Indian Household Spends the most on education after food and transport Average spending HH risen from 1.46% in 81 to 2.55% in 2010 55% Indian middle class saves for HE

GDP to Total Expenditure : 

GDP to Total Expenditure

Education Expenditure : 

Education Expenditure

Higher Education in India- Changing Micro Economic Environment : 

Higher Education in India- Changing Micro Economic Environment Creation of new Categories of Students Willingness to Academic Quality Employability - linked education most preferred Willingness to travel abroad Skilled jobs are more

Higher Education in India : 

Higher Education in India Largest in the world in terms of number of Institutes Third largest in enrolment The HE institutions doubled now 28 to 404 universities between 1950 and 2010 220 million in schools 14 million in HE Need another 800 Universities

Higher Education in India Need of the Hour : 

Higher Education in India Need of the Hour Need of the Hour Expansion without compromising quality Huge funding Massive infrastructure High quality teachers

Higher Education in India – Private Sector’s Role : 

Higher Education in India – Private Sector’s Role Private sector spends nearly 92% on education 62% on Professional courses Spending will increase to boost enrolment Private Participation Better curriculum

Inception : 

Inception British Model Inherited Oriental Culture Learning not correlated with Economic factors Isomorphic Growth from 1947 Thought about Higher education in the US Ethos - based on British system Higher Education - Loose configuration of the British and the US model

Growth : 

Growth HE expands However the Demand outstripped the supply Factors: Increase in Population and its youth profile New structure demands Varied kind of skills New Private sector gives new dimensions to the HE in India

Capacity Expansion in Higher EducationSource: University Grants Commission : 

Capacity Expansion in Higher EducationSource: University Grants Commission

Size : 

Size The average size of HEI - small Many - non-viable Understaffed Ill equipped 2/3 of it does not satisfy UGC norms Average quality of HE is poor

Size : 

Size Colleges do not award degrees However enroll 90% at UG level Enroll 66% at PG level GER is around 11% However, it fits well with occupational structure of Indian Economy

Enrollments : 

Enrollments Enrolment in doctoral programmes 1 %. 80% of all enrolment is in affiliated colleges. Enrolments are largely in arts and humanities subjects. 45 percent students are in arts, 20.4 percent in science and 18 percent in commerce. 17 Percent in professional Programmes enrolments in liberal arts and humanities, there is a mismatch between the available capacity of the higher education system and the skill requirements in the economy.

Financial Arrangements : 

Financial Arrangements Govt. spends 7% of GDP on HE Totally spends 12% at all levels Source: Government and Private Private Financing on HE increases now Per student spending higher than the spending of Advanced countries Govt. Spending viewed as low or high depends

Financial Arrangements : 

Financial Arrangements It spread is uneven 1/3 of HEI not getting any grant Only 1/2 of remaining gets fund from the Govt. Smaller no. of Central Institutions servicing only 2% gets 85% of central funds Majority of the Universities and colleges depend on State funding

Introduction of Private Financing : 

Introduction of Private Financing To overcome financial crunch, Bihar and UP Public universities and colleges hiked tuition fees New universities and colleges allowed Privatization begins Large source comes from non-Govt. organisations

Introduction of Private Financing : 

Introduction of Private Financing Higher Education expensive today Beyond the reach of Poor Students from Poor families not to crack competitive exams Elite and rich students have access to reputed institutions of HE Poor left to the mercy of private providers Private players charge exorbitant fees Financial aid to poor students grossly inadequate

Regulation and Quality Assurance : 

Regulation and Quality Assurance Responsibility of State and Central Governments Nearly 170 universities and 80 Colleges are independent. All other colleges depend on Governments Universities - self accrediting bodies Centre acts through UGC. It has 13 Professional councils State too have councils State funds and controls Affiliating universities - responsible for academic matters

Agencies : 

Agencies Three Agencies The National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) set up in 1994 - Institutional accreditation The National Board of Accreditation (NBA) set up in 1994 - Accredits Engineering programs The Accreditation Board (AE) – Agri. courses - 1996 Accreditation is voluntary Accreditation done so far not significant

Privatization Trends : 

Privatization Trends Public universities start SF programmes for income Distance Education depts. - money making machines Most private institutions are colleges About 72 are deemed universities 11 private universities - with state legislature Private Institutions started by charitable societies or trusts non profit making Most of the private institutions run by business enterprises are profit oriented

Concern about Private Institutions : 

Concern about Private Institutions Policy Environment unpredictable Big Question on equity, quality and exploitation Fees and admission - extremely contentious Judicial Interference unsettles the policy formulations No transparency and fair play Standards continue to fall Gross Malpractices tarnishes the image of HE Useful higher education - out of the reach of poor