HOSA Career Fair

The Human Body : 

The Human Body Nervous System: Joel Perez & Mildred Martinez Respiratory System: Voaney Sandoval & Rigoberto Rojas Muscular System: Daniela Doque & Monica Cortez Urinary System: Dianna Bucio & Angela Perez Cardiovascular System: Noellie Martinez & Christina Sermeno Reproductive System: Lizbeth Cervantes & Lidia Rodriguez Digestive System: Sirena Pena & Dulce Aleman Lymphatic System: Julia Lopez & Virginia Gutierrez Senses: Gloria Fernandez & Gabriela Bernal

THE Nervous System: 

THE Nervous System Courtesy from emc.maricopa.edu Courtesy from faculty.washington.edu

The Nervous System: 

The Nervous System Nervous system is like a network that relax messages back and forth from it to different parts of the body. The Nervous System is divided into two categories: The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system Courtesy from Wikipedia.org

Central Nervous System: 

Central Nervous System The central nervous system is where a impulsive starts from and send to the rest of the body. The central nervous system consist of the brain and the spinal cord which work together to send a impulsive through out the body Courtesy from Faqs.org

The Brain: 

The Brain At every moment voluntary or involuntary made by the body, the one ordering is the base control of the body: The Brain. The brain controls every moment, holds every feeling and sense, how much we learn and remember, our heartbeat, and even how sleepy we are The brain contains membranes called meninges, as well as a cushioning fluid called Cerebrospinal fluid Courtesy from National Geographic

Spinal Cord: 

Spinal Cord The spinal cord, a large cord about 18” long and ¾ “ thick connected by the brain stem, contains threadlike nerves that branch out through the whole body, these threadlike nerves develop the peripheral nervous system The spinal cord consist of 33 spinal segments, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 3 coccygeal. Courtesy from cedars-sinai.edu

Peripheral Nervous System: 

Peripheral Nervous System The peripheral nervous system contains the autonomic nervous system which controls many of the involuntary movements we make and is composed of two sub-categories: The sympathetic nervous system, and the parasympathetic nervous system. Courtesy from Wikipedia.org

Sympathetic Nervous System: 

Sympathetic Nervous System This nervous system controls our stress such as been trapped under something heavy or in a fight, the system makes the heart beat faster sending blood all over the body, and makes the adrenal glands secrete adrenaline which gives us a quick burst of strength. This process is know as the fight or flight response. Courtesy from optimalperformancetraining.com

Parasympathetic Nervous System: 

Parasympathetic Nervous System The parasympathetic system does the opposite of the sympathetic nervous system, as it prepares the body for rest, and it helps the digestive tract move so the body can receive the nutrients from foods we eat. Courtesy from tumblr.com Courtesy from savagechickens.com

Diseases of the Nervous System: 

Diseases of the Nervous System Diseases happen in the nervous system such as Cerebral Palsy (damage to the brain before birth), Epilepsy (Condition which leads to seizures), Meningitis (Inflammation of the meninges), and Mental illness (Bi-polar Depression, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Schizophrenia) “Autopsy of person with meningitis” Courtesy from immunizationed.org

What We Learned: 

What We Learned

Respiratory System: 

Respiratory System

Diagram of Respiratory system: 

Diagram of Respiratory system Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Aveoli

Respiratory System(Definition): 

Respiratory System(Definition) The system in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in the body.

Respiration: is the act of inhaling and exhaling air.: 

Respiration: is the act of inhaling and exhaling air. Internal respiration is the gas exchange between the blood and body cells. External respiration is the exchange of air between the body and the outside environment. Inhale Exhale

Oxygen passes through the body: 

Oxygen passes through the body Oxygen is breathed through the nose or mouth. Then goes through the larynx and through the trachea, a tube that enters the chest cavity. The trachea splits into two smaller tubes called bronchi. The bronchial tubes lead to the lungs where smaller tubes lead to air sacs called alveoli. The oxygen passes into the alveoli and diffuses through the capillaries into the arterial blood. The red blood cells carry the oxygen all over the body. Tissue in the body uses the oxygen for heat and energy then burns it like fuel. After the red blood cells are oxygen depleted the carbon dioxide takes the same route out of the body as oxygen took going in.

Tuberculosis: 

Tuberculosis This is an infectious disease caused by several mycobacterium. It is often spread through the air by sneeze or cough. Left untreated it can kill more than 50% of those infected. The only current vaccine is Bacillus Calmette -Guerin, however immunity with this vaccine decreases after about ten years. Symptoms include chest pain, prolonged cough, on occasion some patients cough up small amounts of blood. Treatment for TB consists of antibiotics to kill the bacteria but effective treatment is hard to achieve due to the irregularity of the mycobacterial cell wall.

Pneumonia: 

Pneumonia It is an inflammatory condition of the lungs, which especially affects the small air sacs (alveoli). Most types of bacterial pneumonia can be cleared within 2-4 weeks with treatment. Viral pneumonia last longer 4-6 weeks. Mortality rate of pneumonia is low. Vaccination is affective in preventing certain bacterial and viral pneumonias in children and adults. Symptoms include fever, shortness of breath, confusion, sharp or stabbing chest pain when inhaling deeply. Treatment: Antibiotics can be used to help those with bacterial pneumonia, the choice of antibiotic depends on the person’s age, general health, and location of infection. Neuraminidase inhibitors may be used to treat viral pneumonia caused by the influenza, but there is no specific antivirus medication recommended for other type of viral pneumonia.

Other facts: 

Other facts The diaphragm helps put out carbon dioxide and pull oxygen into the body. Even if we breathe polluted air our respiratory system filters out the foreign matters or organism. These pollutants are coughed out, destroyed by digestive juices, or eaten by macrophages(a type of blood cell that patrols the body looking for germs to destroy).

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Muscular System Daniela Duque Monica Cortez.

Muscular System Terms: 

Muscular System Terms Word root- Medical term- Definition- Chondr Chondroplasty surgical repair of cartilage Kinesi (o) dyskinesia abnormality of normality My(o) myositis inflammation of muscles Physis symphysis growing together Troph (o) atrophy decrease in size of organ

Musculoskeletal System Terms: 

Musculoskeletal System Terms Word root- Medical term- Definition- arthr(o) arthrogram x-ray of joints Cervic(o) cervicodynia neck pain Crani(o) craniotomy incision of the skull Oste(o) osteoporosis decrease in bone density Tend/o tenorrhaphy suture of a tendon

Abbreviations : 

Abbreviations EMG- electromyography IM- intramuscular ACL- anterior cruciate ligament MRI- magnetic resonance imaging CA- calcium ORTHO- orthopedics TMJ- temporomandibular joint RA- rheumatoid arthritis ROM- range of motion CT- computed tomography

Muscular System: 

Muscular System An organ system consisting of skeletal smooth and cardiac muscles Permits movement of the body Maintains posture Circulates blood throughout the body Provides heat for the body

Cardiac and Smooth muscles: 

Cardiac and Smooth muscles Cardiac- Cardiac muscles are laterally connected to each other Smooth- Involuntary movement Controlled by the autonomic nervous system

Did You Know ?: 

Did You Know ? It takes more muscles to frown than to smile ! When you take a step you use up to 200 muscles ! Your tongue is the strongest muscle !

Kidneys and Urinary Tract: 

Kidneys and Urinary Tract

Kidneys and Urinary : 

Kidneys and Urinary The urinary system is responsible for removing the liquid waste from the blood. The system includes kidneys, ureter , bladder, and urethra.

What do kidneys and Urinary Tract do? : 

What do kidneys and Urinary Tract do? The kidneys filter the blood producing urine. Ensure that the body tissue receive enough water. Regulate blood pressure and the level of vital salts in blood. Regulate the acid-base balance of the blood and body fluids.

What are they and how do they work?: 

What are they and how do they work? The kidneys are located just under the rib, one on each side. Each Kidney has an outer layer called the cortex, which contains the filtering units. Blood travels through the renal artery which enters the kidney at the hilus (the indentation that gives the kidney its bean shape. Filtered blood leaves the kidney through the renal vein and flows back to the heart.

Things that go wrong with the kidney and Urinary Tract?: 

Things that go wrong with the kidney and Urinary Tract ? Urinary tract can grow to an abnormal size, shape, or position. Horseshoe kidney , where the two kidneys are fused into one arched kidney.(it is found in one out of every 500 births) Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli the parts of the filtering units. Kidney fever, it slows down or stops filtering blood causing waste products and toxic substances to build up in blood(dialysis)

Root Words & Medical Terms: 

Root Words & Medical Terms Arteri (o) Arteriole Small artery Cyst(o) Cystopexy Surgical fixation of the bladder Urin (o) Urinoma A cyst or tumor containing urine Nephr (o) Nephropathy Kidney disease Ren (o) Renomegaly Enlargement of the kidney Peritone (o) Retroperitoneal Posterior to, or behind the peritoneum Ur(o),Uria Uremia Excess of urea and other wastes in the blood

Cardiovascular System: 

Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system makes up the network delivers blood to the body’s tissue. Each heart beat, blood is sent throughout our bodies carrying oxygen and nutrients to all of our cells. The Heart is the key organ in the circulatory system.

The heart supplies oxygen and nutrients to our bodies.: 

The heart supplies oxygen and nutrients to our bodies. The heart pumps from 60 to 100 times per min The heart gets messages from the bodies to tell it when to pump more or less blood. The bottom part of the heart is divided into two chambers right and left ventricle, which pump blood out of the heart Upper part of the heart is called right and left atria releiving the blood entering the heart.

The Cardiovascular System: 

The Cardiovascular System The circulatory system helps carry waste and carbon dioxide out of the body. Hormones produced by the endocrine system are also transported through the blood in our circulatory system.

“blumb-blumb”: 

“ blumb-blumb ” Your heart makes the “blumb-blumb” sound because of the cardiac cycle. One complete heart beat makes up one whole cycle.

Diseases: 

Diseases Hypercholesterolenia (high cholesterol) -substance found in body’s cells blood, and some food like meat. Major risk factor for heart diseases, can lead to a heart attack. Hypertension (high blood pressure) -higher than normal blood pressure. -overtime can cause damage to heart and arteries and other body organs. Rheumatic Heart Disease- Strep throat can develop in rheumatic fever. This can cause permanent heart problems.

Prevention: 

Prevention To prevent heart problems, get plenty of exercise, nutritious diet, maintaining a healthy weight and seeing your doctor regularly.

Reproductive System: 

Reproductive System By: Lizbeth Cervantes Lidia Rodriguez

What is the Female Reproductive System?: 

What is the Female Reproductive System? The human female has a reproductive system located entirely in the pelvis. (the lowest part of the abdomen) The organs are the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries The vagina is a muscular, hollow tube that extends from the vaginal opening to the uterus, it is about 3 to 5 inches (8 to 12centimeters) long in a grown woman. Because it has a muscular wall it can expand to contract

Continued:: 

Continued: The vagina’s muscular walls are lined with mucous membranes, which keep it protected and moist. A thin tissue with one or more holes in it called the hymen partially covers the opening of the vagina. Hymens are often different from person to person.

The Uterus: 

The Uterus The uterus is shaped like an upside-down pear with a thick lining and muscular walls. In fact, the uterus contains some of the strongest muscles in the female body. When the woman isn’t pregnant, the uterus is only about 3 inches (7.5 Centimeters) long and 2 inches (5 centimeters wide)

What does the Female Reproductive System Do?: 

What does the Female Reproductive System Do? Produces eggs (ova) Have sexual intercourse Protect and nourish the fertilized egg until it is fully developed. Give birth

Menstruation:: 

Menstruation: Toward the end of puberty girls begin to release eggs as part of a monthly period called the menstrual cycle. Approximately once a month, during ovulation, and ovary sends a tiny egg into one of the fallopian tubes. Blood and tissues from the inner lining of the uterus combine to form the menstrual flow, which in most girls lasts from 3 to 5 days.

PMS?: 

PMS? (PMS) premenstrual syndrome- includes both physical and emotional symptoms that many girls and women get right before their periods such as acne, bloating, fatigue, backaches, sore breasts, headaches, constipation, diarrhea food cravings, depression, irritability, or difficulty concentration or handling stress.

Male reproductive System: 

Male reproductive System The human male reproductive system (or male genital system ) consists of a number of sex organs that are a part of the human reproductive process. In this type of reproductive system, these sex organs are located outside the body, around the pelvic region. The main anatomically male sex organs are the penis and the testes which produce semen and sperm, which as part of sexual intercourse fertilize an ovum in an anatomically female person's body and the fertilized ovum (zygote) gradually develops into a fetus, which is later born as a child

What is the male reproductive system?: 

What is the male reproductive system? The penis is the anatomically male copulatory organ. It has a long shaft and enlarged bulbous-shaped tip called the glans penis, which supports the foreskin. When the anatomically male person becomes sexually aroused, the penis becomes erect and ready for sexual activity. Erection occurs because sinuses within the erectile tissue of the penis become filled with blood. The arteries of the penis are dilated while the veins are passively compressed so that blood flows into the erectile cartilage under pressure. Testes also known as the testicles, are the anatomically male gonads, the organs that produce sperm cells. The testes are egg-shaped structures that grow to be about one inch long and rest inside the scrotum. The testes also produces hormones, including testosterone, which stimulates the production of sperm cells and facilitates male maturation.

What does the male reproductive system do?: 

What does the male reproductive system do? To produce, maintain and transport sperm (the male reproductive cells) and protective fluid (semen) To discharge sperm within the female reproductive tract To produce and secrete male sex hormones

How does the male reproductive system function?: 

How does the male reproductive system function? The entire male reproductive system is dependent on hormones, which are chemicals that stimulate or regulate the activity of cells or organs. The primary hormones involved in the functioning of the male reproductive system are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone. FSH and LH are produced by the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain. FSH is necessary for sperm production (spermatogenesis), and LH stimulates the production of testosterone, which is necessary to continue the process of spermatogenesis. Testosterone also is important in the development of male characteristics, including muscle mass and strength, fat distribution, bone mass and sex drive.

Things that can go wrong in the male reproductive system:: 

Things that can go wrong in the male reproductive system: Testicular trauma. Even a mild injury to the testicles can cause severe pain, bruising, or swelling. Most testicular injuries occur when the testicles are struck, hit, kicked, or crushed, usually during sports or due to other trauma. Varicocele . This is a varicose vein (an abnormally swollen vein) in the network of veins that run from the testicles. Varicoceles commonly develop while a boy is going through puberty. Testicular cancer. This is one of the most common cancers in men younger than 40. Inflammation of the penis. Symptoms of penile inflammation include redness, itching, swelling, and pain. Balanitis occurs when the glans (the head of the penis) becomes inflamed. Posthitis is foreskin inflammation, which is usually due to a yeast or bacterial infection.

The Digestive System: 

The Digestive System By Sirena Peña & Dulce Aleman

What Is The Digestive System?: 

What Is The Digestive System? Digestion is the breaking down of food into forms that our bodies can use. Our bodies use food as fuel to provide energy for work, play and growth Your digestive system is responsible for converting the food we eat into energy for our bodies to use.

How Does The Digestive System Work?: 

How Does The Digestive System Work ? The process of digestion starts before food reaches the stomach. When we see, smell, taste, or even imagine a tasty snack, our salivary glands begin producing saliva. This flow of saliva is set in motion by a brain reflex that's triggered when we sense food or even think about eating. In response to this sensory stimulation, the brain sends impulses through the nerves that control the salivary glands, telling them to prepare for a meal. As the teeth tear and chop the food, saliva moistens it for easy swallowing. A digestive enzyme, amylase,which is found in saliva, starts to break down some of the carbohydrates in the food even before it leaves the mouth. Swallowing, which is accomplished by muscle movements in the tongue and mouth, moves the food into the throat. From the throat, food travels down a muscular tube in the chest called the esophagus .Waves of muscle contractions called peristalsis force food down through the esophagus to the stomach. The sphincter allows food to enter the stomach and squeezes shut to keep food or fluid from flowing back up into the esophagus. The stomach muscles mix the food with acids and enzymes, breaking it into smaller, digestible pieces. By the time food is ready to leave the stomach, it has been processed into a thick liquid (chyme ). A small muscular tube at the outlet of the stomach called the pylorus keeps chyme in the stomach until it is ready to pass into the small intestine. Chyme is then squirted down into the small intestine, where digestion of food continues so the body can absorb the nutrients into the bloodstream.

Things That Could Go Wrong.: 

Things That Could Go Wrong . Nearly everyone has a digestive problem at one time or another. There are some common conditions such as indigestion or diarrhea; they only get better on their own or are easy to treat. Others, such as inflammatory bowel disease, can be long lasting or troublesome. Gastroenterologists can be helpful when dealing with these conditions. Some of these conditions are congenital,this means that they are born with these conditions or noncongenital,which means people develop them after birth. Another disease is Esophagitis it is an inflammation of the esophagus, this would be an example of a noncongenital condition. Esophagitis is usually caused by a gastroesophageal reflux disease , a condition in which the esophageal sphincter allows the acidic contents of the stomach to move backward up into the esophagus. This can sometimes be corrected through lifestyle changes, such as adjusting the types of things a person eats. Sometimes, though, it requires treatment with medication. Occasionally, esophagitis can be caused by infection or certain medications.

What Causes Our Stomach To Growl?: 

What Causes Our Stomach To Growl? Stomach growling occurs when the stomach receives signals from your brain to begin digestion but the stomach is empty. Your brain might sense you're running low on energy or even seeing or smelling something you want to eat can get things going. The motion of the stomach muscles begins, but the organ is hollow. The movement of the muscles mixing the acids of the stomach in the hollow space of the stomach produces vibrations we hear as growling, or rumbling, or gurgling. The obvious solution is to eat, but this is not always practical. Because your body responds to things that you do daily. For example if the stomach receives food at noon every day, then the body will expect food at noon, whether food is present or not. Some of the digestions organs would include the following: The liver The Gallbladder The Esophagus The Stomach The Pancreas The small & large intestine The Rectum

Lymphatic system: 

Lymphatic system By: Julia and Virginia Health science Period 1g & 2g

Lymphatic system terms word root, medical term, definition: 

Lymphatic system terms word root, medical term, definition Immun/o immunosuppressor : agent the suppresses the immune response. Lymph/o lymphoid : resembling lymph Path/o pathogen : disease causing agent Splen/o splenomegaly : enlargement of the spleen Thym/o thymectomy : removal of the thymus Tox/o toxic : pertaining to poison

Lymphatic system…: 

Lymphatic system… The lymphatic system travels threw vessels. It returns excess fluid and proteins from tissue to the blood. It also protects the body from bacteria and viruses. The lymphatic system includes glands and tissues.

What is the lymphatic system made of?: 

What is the lymphatic system made of? It is made up of a network of lymphatic vessels. The vessels carry lymph; a clear, watery fluid , contains protein, salts, glucose, and other substances.

Why is the lymphatic system important?: 

Why is the lymphatic system important? The lymphatic systems major job is to collect extra lymph fluid from the body tissues and return it to the blood.(So its like a recycle process.) This is important because watery proteins and other substances leak out blood capillaries into surrounding body tissues. If it didn’t drain the excess fluid, it would build up In the body tissues and they would swell up.

What does the lymphatic system protect?: 

What does the lymphatic system protect? The lymphatic system protects the body against germs like viruses , bacteria, and fungi. Those germs are filtered out threw the lymph nodes, which are small masses of tissue along the lymph vessels. Lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) make antibodies which are special proteins that fight off germs and stop infections from spreading.

Major parts of the lymph system: 

Major parts of the lymph system Tissue are located in the bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and the tonsils. Other major parts are also located in the heart, lungs, intestines, liver, and skin.

Diseases : 

Diseases Lymphadenopathy - nodes become swollen caused by a nearby infection. Lymphadenitis – inflammation of the lymph, caused by an infection of the tissue in the nod. Causes skin overlying the lymph nod to swell, redden, and feel warm and tender to touch usually affects neck. Lymphomas – these cancers start in the lymph nodes when lymphocytes undergo changes and multiply out of control. The nodes swell and cancer cells crowd out healthy cells and may cause tumors in other body parts.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

By: Gloria Fernandez & Gabriela Bernal THE SENSORY SYSTEM

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Audiometer -instrument to measure hearing. Anesthesia -without sensation Myringotomy -incision of an eardrum Otoscopy -visual examination of the ear Every sound we hear is a result of sound waves entering our ears and causing our ear drums to vibrate. These vibrations are then transferred along the tiny bones of the middle ear and converted into nerve signals. The cortex then processes these signal, telling us what we are hearing. Our ears also keep helps us keep our balance. Also if pierced in a safe and sanitary manner, they can be an interesting place to show off your fashion sense. Every sound we hear is a result of sound waves entering our ears and causing our ear drums to vibrate. These vibrations are then transferred along the tiny bones of the middle ear and concerted into nerve signals. The cortex then processes these signals, telling us what we are hearing. Our ears also helps us keep our balance and if pierced in a safe and sanitary manner, they can be interesting place to show off your fashion sense. HEARING

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Conjunctivitis -inflammation of the conjunctiva(pinkeye) Intraocular -pertaining to within the eye Retinitis -inflammation of the retina Sight probably tells us more about the world than any other sense. Light entering the eye forms an upside down image on the retina. The retina transforms the light into nerve signals for the brain. The brain then turns the image right-side up and tells us what we’re seeing. SIGHT

PowerPoint Presentation: 

The tongue contains small groups of sensory cells called taste bugs that react to chemicals in foods. Taste buds react to sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. Messages are sent from the taste buds to the areas in the cortex responsible for processing taste. TASTE

PowerPoint Presentation: 

SMELL Olfactory cells in the mucous membranes lining each nostril react to chemicals we breathe in and send messages along specific nerves to the brain, which, according to experts, can distinguish between more than 10,000 different smells. With that kind of sensitivity, its no wonder research suggests that smells are very closely linked to our memories.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

TOUCH The sense of touch is distributed throughout the body. Nerve endings in the skin and other parts of the body transmit sensations to the brain. Some parts of the body have a larger number of nerve endings and, therefore, are more sensitive. Four kinds of touch sensations can be identified: cold, heat, contact, and pain. Hairs on the skin magnify the sensitivity and act as an early warning system for the body. The fingertips and the sexual organs have the greatest concentration of nerve endings. The sexual organs have "erogenous zones" that when stimulated start a series of endocrine reactions and motor responses resulting in orgasms. Kinesthesia - the precise awareness of muscle and joint movement that allows us to coordinate our muscles when we walk, talk, and use our hands. Synesthesia - one type of stimulation evokes the sensation of another. The most common forms of synesthesia link numbers or letters with colors.