timeline of history of CL

Timeline of history of Consecrated Life:

Timeline of history of Consecrated Life

Foundation of Consecrated Life:

Foundation of Consecrated Life Jesus ;His ministry & his life-style Institutional Origin - Not found in the Apostolic age - Not Clearly present in the post-apostolic era. - Clear definitive presence of Consecrated Life can be seen in the middle of 3 rd century and beginning of 4th century.

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Jesus Chirst 100-200 C.E Virgins/ Martyrs

100-300 C.E. Virgins/ Martyrs/Confessors :

100-300 C.E. Virgins/ Martyrs/Confessors 1. Virgins - men and women who lived a life of chastity - Not abandoned their family - Not living in organized groups - Carried out ‘Apostolic activities’.

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2. Martyrs - ideal way/ esteemed way of Christian journey - Martyrial devotion in 3 rd century - “Martyrdom is the best way to resemble Jesus Christ.” (Ignatius Antioch) 100-300 C.E. Virgins/ Martyrs/Confessors

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3. Confessors - Those who have suffered in jail and torments without being killed. - Enjoy Similar prestige life that of Martyrs 100-300 C.E. Virgins/ Martyrs/Confessors

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Documents of this period Letters of St. Ignatius of Antioch Ad Martires (by Tertullian) Exhortation to martyrdom (by Origen) Letters of Clement of Alexandria to Virgin Writings of Cyprian of Cartage Didache , Hermas,etc . 100-300 C.E. Virgins/ Martyrs/Confessors

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Jesus Christ Virgin/ Martyr 100-200 C.E 250~ C.E Monasticism (East)

ca. 250 C.E. Monasticism (East):

ca. 250 C.E. Monasticism (East) 1. Anthony the Great (ca.250) - Father of Eastern Monasticism - Born ca.250 in a village of middle Egypt - Call to solitary life influenced by the Gospel message ( Mt 19:21; the story of rich young man)

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( Anthony the Great) Call to solitary life Near his village as a novitiate under the direction of an elder hermit Prayer, work, meditation of Bible, ascetic practice ⇒ period of temptation Necropolis Place of criminals, social sinners Against the powers of evil Desert (Pispir) For 20years Many disciples gathered Went to Alexanderia to comfort martyrs Further into the desert With reduced number of disciples Death, nobody know his tomb

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( Anthony the Great) - Life-style and Spirituality Solitude; prayer & asceticism Primacy of the Bible Fight against the devil Documents Vita Antoni (life of Anthony by Athanasius) 7 letters of Anthony Apophtegmata Patrum + letters (by Serapion)

ca. 288. Monasticism (East):

ca. 288. Monasticism (East) 2. Pachomius (ca.288) - Founder of Cenobitic Life - Born ca.288 in Egypt; to a pagan family - Entered into Roman Army; Later converted by experiencing the charity of Christians. - Founded the community with his brother and disciples - Rule on obedience (due to the rebellion of a group of young disciples)

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( Pachomius) Life style in Cenobitic monastery Penitential practice/ confess their sins (charity) Communal prayer (Authentic monk can join communal prayer. Candidates attend outside) Meal together / common goods Like an Egytian village & Roman headquarter

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( Pachomius) Documents Letters of Pachomius Collection of lives of Pachomius from post – Pachomius times Letters of Jerome, Evagrius , Palldius , Cassian

Monasticism (East):

Monasticism (East) 3. Basil (ca.329-379) Born in a noble, Christian family in Asia minor Practiced his profession as a lawyer Baptism in the year 357⇒ that followed radical change in his life. Abandoned his profession as a lawyer, started a long journey through the most famous areas of monastic life like ; Syria, Egypt, etc.

(Basil…):

(Basil…) He withdrew to a farm of his family called Annesis. Ordained as priest ⇒ later bishop Contribution ; Fought against Arianism ‘Regulae Morales (Rule of Moral) : Fundamental in the monastic spirituality of Basil ‘Ascetikon Parvum’ (Little Ascetikon) ; collection of his answers to many questions . ‘Ascetikon Magnum (Great Ascetikon) Documents (His Work)

ca. 300~. Monasticism (Palestine):

ca. 300~. Monasticism (Palestine) 4. Secondary forms of Monastic life (4 th -6 th ) Palestine Laure : semi-anchoritic life-style

ca. 300~. Monasticism (Syrian):

ca. 300~. Monasticism (Syrian) 4. Secondary forms of Monastic life (4 th -6 th ) Syrian ascetic rigor Stilites / Dendrites / Stationari

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Jesus Christ Virgin/ Martyr 100-200 C.E 250~ C.E Monasticism(East) Monasticism (West); Benedict 500~ C.E

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Primitive Western Monasticism (4 th -6 th C) Gallia(France) -Martin (Tour) -Cassin (Marseille) - Cesareus(Arles) Regula ad Virgin Hippo -Augustine Spain -Leander & Isidore ( Sevilla ) Ireland -Columban/Brigid English Rome - Jerome

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2. Augustine of Hippo (354-430) Primitive Western Monasticism (Before Benedict) Born on 13 November, 354, at Tagaste, North Africa Father: Patricus- a pagan Roman official, mother: Monica- a catholic 370 AD: went to Carthage to study at the university- studied law 15 years lived with a lady: gave birth to a son, Adeodatus

(Augustine…):

(Augustine…) 387 AD- baptized by Bishop Ambrose of Milan (before Baptism, already read the Vita Antonii) 388 AD – returned to Africa: living monastic and ascetic life at Tagaste 391AD – transferred to Hippo, ordained a priest 395AD- elected bishop in Hippo, founded monastery. (Garden’s Monastery) Death: 28 August, 430 at Hippo (source: Saints for all seasons, John J Delaney, ed., Image Books, New York, 1979, p.57-5)

(Augustine…):

(Augustine…) Works / Documents Wrote Rules for Monks (men) as a Bishop Rules of St. Augustine for Women Religious- the first rule of life for women Monastic texts: 1."Regula ad Servos Dei" known as " Praeceptum " - a guide for the monastery 2. "De Opera Monachorum "- about apostolic activity and manual work of the monks 3. "De Sancta Verginitate "- about Christian Virginity * Unity is the primary idea of Augustine. The Trinity is the pattern of Unity Famous Writings: ‘Confession’, ‘City of God’

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Father of Western Monasticism (6 th Century) Benedict of Nursia

ca. 500 C.E. Monasticism (West):

ca. 500 C.E. Monasticism (West) St. Benedict of Nursia (480-547) - Father of Western Monasticism - Born ca 480 in Nursia ; Italy - ca.500: study in Rome - ca.520: came to Subiaco ; first disciples-Placid and Maurus ⇒ Founded 12 Monasteries + School: (1 abbot + 12 monks in each monastery) ⇒ wrote first Rule - Moved to Monte Cassino ; established monastery + founded women monastery along with his sister Scholastica. - Death: 21 March, 547

(Monte Cassino):

(Monte Cassino)

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commonly known as "The Rules of St. Benedict“-based on the Holy Scripture Complete Code of Monastic life overview of the rule of Pachomius+Basil+Augustine Purpose: for the interior discipline of the monks Each novice should read 3 times during the novitiate Manuscript is in Monte Cassino Documents : Regula Monacorum (Benedict)

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Structure : Prologue + 73 chapters 1Section (Chap 1-7) : principles of the cenobitic monastic life 2Section (Chap 8-20): prayer (personal, communal) 3Section (Chap 21-30) : discipline issue (Chap 31-57) : everyday life (Chap 58-63) : recruitment of vocation (Chap 64-72) : Appointment of Abbot, Prior, Closure, community life Conclusion (Chap 73) Documents : Regula Monacorum (Benedict)

(Benedict):

(Benedict) Benedict’s Major ideal of Consecrated Life Stability : stay with the members of the monastery Brotherhood : model of first Christian community: learn to serve " Ora et labora ": relation between contemplation and action: ► "Idleness is the enemy of the soul." Prayer:" Opus Dei ": prayer of praise and thanksgiving in the biblical spirit ► 7 times a day " Fear of God ": beginning of knowledge Obedience : regarded as the first degree of humility. Humility is the sign of Christian perfection (Source: History of Spirituality, Fernando Guillen, New Manila, 2006, p65-82)

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Jesus Christ Virgin/ Martyr 100-200 C.E 250~ C.E Monasticism(East) Monasticism (West) 500~ C.E 900~ C.E Cluniac Reform

Decadence of the monastic life (crisis):

Decadence of the monastic life (crisis) Laicization and exploitation of monasticism (in the phenomenon of Lay Investiture ) Relaxation of Rule (poverty compromised and Lay Abbots with wives and children) Appointment of Regular Authority by Feudal aristocracy & Diocesan Bishop

900~ C.E. Process of Reform in the West:

900~ C.E. Process of Reform in the West 1.Lower Lorraine (Netherland, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg) - Gerard of Brogne (from one person) 2. Upper Lorraine (parts of France & Germany) - Monastery of Gorze (now as Groups… , but no juridical bond)

900~ C.E. Process of Reform in the West:

900~ C.E. Process of Reform in the West 3. Burgundy - Cluniac Reform (centralization & uniformity)

900~ C.E. THE CLUNIAC REFORM :

900~ C.E. THE CLUNIAC REFORM Reforms initiated by Benedict of Aniano Founder : William of Aquitane (France) Golden Period of Reform : from Foundation(909) to Peter the Venerable(1157) ⇒ around 250 years Characteristic of Cluniac Reform a. Freedom from or exemption from the lay & ecclesiastical powers (Monasteries became independent, no longer under the Bishop or the lords). b. The figure of the abbot was very important to the reform. c. Novelty: 1) Regular election of the abbot 2) The abbots had privilege of electing/nominating his successor.

(Cluniac Reform):

(Cluniac Reform) (Source: class-notes) Evaluation a. Liturgy : Values the liturgical services over any other activity. b. Life-style : Not much inclined to austerity and mortification. 1. Cluny is a rich monastery 2. Many aristocratic vocation 3. Food and clothing: closer to comfort than austerity 4. Silence c. Interest in sacred arts 1. Metallurgy: vases of gold and silver 2. Weaving: only rich textile are used for liturgical clothing 3. Architecture: Romanesque art (Roman style)

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Jesus Christ Virgin/ Martyr 100-200 C.E 250~ C.E Monasticism(East) Monasticism (West) 500~ C.E 900~ C.E Cluniac Reform Heremitic currents/ Regular Canon/ Cisterian

10th ~11th C Eremitic Movement:

10 th ~11 th C Eremitic Movement Grottaferrata - Italian-Greek Congregation - Founder : Nil of Rossano - Basilian monasticism Camaldoli - Founder : St. Romuald - Place : Ravenna - Absolute silence/solitude Vallmbrosa - Founder : St. John Gualberto - Cenobitic life/ poverty - Benedictine Rule Fontevrault - Founder : Rovert of Arbrisel - Itinerant eremitism - mixed group(gender, class…) Grandmont - Founder : Stephen of Muret - Communal poverty/solitude - Lay + Priests Carthusian - Founder : St. Bruno - democracy + centralization - Living in their own cell

11th C Regular Canon:

11 th C Regular Canon Rule of Aachen Background of Reform > Simony & Nicholaism Dependence on the laical powers Causes : the Ottonian system Starting> The Roman Council criticized the Rule of Aachen(816) which allowed the canons a certain private property. Since that time, there were 2 types of Canonical life : Secular Canon vs. Regular Canon A priest who lives in an Episcopal town or in a rural parish Rule of Roman Council

11th C Regular Canon:

11 th C Regular Canon Structure> A. Rule - No founder, so that they adopted the rule of St. Augustine Among three Augustinian texts, some canonical group took the Praeceptum , and another groups did Ordo Monasterii. B. Function Apostolic life : life in Community, poverty, etc. Apostolic ministry : Preaching, Worship, other activities(hospital, school..) Congregations of Regular Canons> St. Ruphus of Avignon : Diocesan priests of Avignon St. Victor of Paris : At Paris, by William of Champeaux inspired by the congregation of St. Ruphus and by the old one of Cluny, Cistercian Premonstratensians : - membership: canons, clerics, novices, converted - parallel monasteries: canon & canonesses - organization : circariae (geographical division) - Government : Annual General Chapter/ General abbot(Premontre)/ Local Abbot

11th C - Cistercian:

11 th C - Cistercian

11th C - Cistercian:

11 th C - Cistercian Process of reform > Criticism of Cluny which is splendid Robert of Molesmes abandoned his cluny monastery and founded new monastery in Molesmes However, it also fell in material enrichment and favor of power soon. In 1098, He founded the novum monasterium of Citeaux. 3 rd Successor , Bernard of Clairvaux> was sent to Clairvaux to found, - became abbot became critical conscience of Europe as a feitile theological and monastic wirter. Famous polemics with Peter the Venerable(against Cluny) & with Abelard(against modernity) Preaching on the need of Crusade

11th C Cistercian:

11 th C Cistercian Characteristics of Citeaux A. A Corpus of Legislative Documents Exordium Parvum, Exordium Cisterii: Documents of historic apologetic Charta Caritatis : would be call the Constitutions of Citeaux Rule of St. Benedict Etc. B. Extreme love for uniformity C. Converted Brothers : definitive configuration although it is discovered in another Congregation. D. Return to the austerity inside Bendictinism E. Christocentric (Jesus as a human being) and Marian Piety

11th C – Military Orders:

11 th C – Military Orders

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For the Protection for the Pilgrims: Santiago de Compostela Rome Jerusalme These Orders are Centralized Valuable (General level) : head- general master Priories (Provincial level) Orders (Local level) : head - commnader

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Jesus Christ Virgin/ Martyr 100-200 C.E 250~ C.E Monasticism(East) Monasticism (West) 500~ C.E 900~ C.E Cluniac Reform 1200~ C.E Mendicant Orders Eremetic / Regular Canon/ Cisterian Augustine Friars

1200~ C.E. Mendicant Orders> :

1200~ C.E. Mendicant Orders> Franciscan Order A. Youth and Conversion - Born at Assisi in the year 1182 - His Parents: Peter Bernardone, a rich textile merchant and Maddonna Picca. - He joined army and he dreamt of becoming a Knight, a noble experienced imprisonment and many failures as a soldier - Conversion: In the early 1206, as the result of an voice he heard in the church of St. Damian “ Francis, go and repair my church that falls in ruin”. Sorces> Contemporary Testimonies about St. Francis and his movement Ancient vitae of St. Francis. Writings of St. Francis

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B. Foundation of the Order of the Friars Minor (OFM) Influenced by the gospel passage Mt: 10/9 “ Do not carry any gold..... repentance” He abandoned everything, started a new way, dressed in a common “ cross shaped” tunic and girded with a rope, to bring everywhere the message of peace and repetance proclaimed by the gospel. First Disciples: Bernard of Quintavalle, a rich bourgeois; Peter Cattani, a Jurist( Priest?); Egidius of Assisi, a simple farmer. Went to Rome with his friars and met Pope Innocent 111 in the year 1210 and got approved a first sketch of rule. Received the “ stigmata” in 1224. Died in the year 1226

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Division of the order: Conventuals Observants Cappucians Characteristics Evangelical character Poverty Mendicant way of Life

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Order of Preacher (OP) Sources: Libellus de pricipiis Ordinis praedicatorum, by Jordan of saxen, the 2nd Master general of the ordder. The Bull of Canonization of St. Dominic, of Gregory 1x, who had personally known the saint. The Miracles of Blessed Dominic, of Sr. Cecilia, one of the nuns of St. Mary in Trastevere. It related about the Roman years of St. Dominic. Biography: Born around the year 1170, at Caleruega in Castilla. After his initial studies, joined the Canon chapterof Osma, and together with Bishop Diego of Osma, he tranformed this Chapter of regular Canons with the rule of St. Augustine. Outstanding for his pastoral zeal.

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Discovery - Change of his mind during the journey he undertook with Bishop Diego - In 1st journey, he met a Cathar and succeded to convert him - In his second journey, he witnessed the terrible consequences of the invasions of Barbarian Cumans. - His petition to do mission was rejected by Innocent 111 - He assisted Cistercian papal delegates to fight the Albigense heresy of languedoe. - New style of preaching to combat the heretics: a. Itinarent b. Mendicant poverty c. popular - in 1216, Dominic obtained the confirmation of his religious life style, according to the rule of st. Augustine. - Charism: Preaching with zeal as Christ's strong athletes.( use all means to keep the primacy of the holy preaching)

1200~ C.E. Mendicant Orders:

1200~ C.E. Mendicant Orders Augustine Friars - Union Group of Clerics (11 th century) - in various parts of Europe - Order of St. Augustine - counterbalance the influence of the powerful Franciscan and Dominicans by means of a similar order under more direct papal authority and devoted to papal interests.

1298 C.E. Periculoso:

1298 C.E. Periculoso

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Periculoso Type of this document : Papal decretal 1298 Boniface Ⅷ Meaning : ‘Dangerous’ in English States that "standardizing" the life of women religious as the practice of “enclosure " and distinctions between nuns and monks All nuns should follow the rule of cloister It was reiterated in Trent Council and papal documents after promulgation of Periculoso

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Citation of Text " Wishing to provide for the dangerous and abominable situation of certain nuns, who, casting off the reins of respectability and impudently abandoning nunnish modesty and the natural bashfulness of their sex […] we do firmly decree […] that nuns collectively and individually, both at present and in future , of whatsoever community or order, in whatever part of the world they may be, ought henceforth to remain perpetually cloistered in their monasteries […] so that [the nuns] be able to serve God more freely, wholly separated from the public and worldly gaze and, occasions for lasciviousness having been removed, may most diligently safeguard their hearts and bodies in complete chastity ."

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Jesus Christ Virgin/ Martyr 200-300 C.E 250~ C.E Monasticism(East) Monasticism (West) 500~ C.E 900~ C.E Cluniac Reform 1200~ C.E Mendicant Orders Periculoso 1500~ C.E Jesuit Movement Feminine Apostolic R.L.

1500~ C.E. Jesuit Movement:

1500~ C.E. Jesuit Movement Ignatius de Royola Francis Xavier

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SOCIETY OF JESUS: FOUNDER- IGNATIUS OF LOYOLA 1491 Ignatius- born in a castle of Loyola, Spain Lived as a lay man and enrolled in the army 1516 military expeditions under the Vice-Roy of Navarre Martin Luther started Protestant Reforms at Wettemberg, Germany wounded in the leg in a war, hospitalized rest and reading: "Life of Christ" and the lives of the Saints:"Golden Legend" Pilgrimage to Montserrat: shrine of Mary in Catlonia- change in his life, Illumination of Trinity, Creation, Eucharist, Humility of Jesus, and self-understanding Personal notes of his own spiritual exercise 1523 Pilgrimage to the Holy Land 1528-35 Study in Paris at Montaigu College 1534, Aug 15 "Vow" in Montmartre

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1536 Calvin, a French priest, started new movement in Geneva, Switzerland 1537 spiritual visions - clear vision of his vocation Pilgrimage to Rome 1538 First group offered to Pope Paul III 1539 foundation of the new Order: Society of Jesus - composition of the Formula 1540 Pope Paul III gave the Bull of foundation 1541 writing the constitutions 155, 31 July death 1534-49 Paul III approved the Jesuits, council of Trent - call for Catholic Reformation Jesuits’ special role to bring the Catholics from Protestantism IGNATIUS OF LOYOLA

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JESUIT (IGNATIAN) SPIRITUALITY Union to the Holy Trinity Humility of Christ To the greater glory of God: Ad Meiorm Dei Gloriam(AMDG) – this is the goal of whole Ignatian Spirituality Spiritual Exercise The service of God and of the Church 4th Vow of Obedience. Obedience: Three degrees: 1) Obedience of execution; 2) Obedience of Will; 3) Obedience of Judgment

Hard way of Feminine Apostolic Religious Life:

Hard way of Feminine Apostolic Religious Life Angelina Merici (Ursline) Lestonnac (The company of Mary Our Lady) Mary Ward (English Ladies) Louise de Marillac (Daughters of Charity)

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Jesus Christ Virgin/ Martyr 200-300 C.E 250~ C.E Monasticism(East) Monasticism (West) 500~ C.E 900~ C.E Cluniac Reform 1200~ C.E Mendicant Orders Periculoso 1500~ C.E Regular Clerics (e.g. Jesuit) Feminine Apostolic R.L . 1800~ C.E French Revolutioin

After French Revolution:

After French Revolution New Blossoming of the Religious Life Characteristic> Great number with identical aim and with not very different spirituality (= sign of freedom of association, fruit of the Revolution, of the liberalism, new attitude of Church hierarchy) Response to the local need ;Education & Charity Renewed missionary commitment Internationalization & centralization Fidelity to the regular observance

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Jesus Christ Virgin/ Martyr 200-300 C.E 250~ C.E Monasticism(East) Monasticism (West) 500~ C.E 900~ C.E Cluniac Reform 1200~ C.E Mendicant Orders Periculoso 1500~ C.E Regular Clerics (e.g. Jesuit) Feminine Apostolic R.L . 1800~ C.E French Revolutioin 1960~ C.E Vatican Ⅱ

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Sources Fr. Arturo Pinacho,CMF, History of the Christian Forms of Consecrated Life, 2008 , ICLA Fr.Fernando Guillen, History of Spirituality, New Manila, 2006 Fr. Jonathan A. Bitoy, CMF, Class note Internet source

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Our Group INDIA

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INDIA First Indigenous Religious Congregation in india.( Male : 1831) Carmelites of Mary Immaculate. ( CMI) - Founder : Fr. Kuriakose Elias Chavara - Apostolate: Catholic press, education, Catecumenates for the new Christians, home of charity for the sick and the distitutes, Spiritual and social actions for community building.

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INDIA The congregation of the mother of Carmel ( CMC) - First Indigenous religious congregation of women in India. - Founders : Blessed Chavara Kuriakose Elias and Fr. Leopold Boccaro. - Founded : 1866 - Apostolate: Education Blessed Sr. Euphrasia

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INDIA Sisters of the Adoration of the Blessed sacrament: - Founders : Bishop Thomas Kurialacherry and Mother Mary Francis de Chantal. - Founded: 8th December 1908 - Charism: Adoration of the Blessed sacrament. “ Our Lord in the Blessed sacrament should always and everywhere be known and adored by all”.

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INDIA The Franciscan Clarist Congregation( FCC) - Founder: Rt.Rev. Charles Lavigne - founded on : 14th December 1888 - Apostolate: education and evangelization. - Saint Alphonsa, the first woman saint of India, was a member of this congregation.

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INDIA Missionaries of charity ( MC) - Founder : Mother Teresa. - Founded on : 7th october 1950 - Charism: service to the poorest of the poor. - Apostolate: Nursing the sick and dying destitutes, gathering and teaching the poor and the little street children, visiting and caring for beggers, leprosy patients and their children, giving shelter to the abandoned and homeless, caring for the unwanted, the unloved and the lonely ec.

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INDIA Sisters of destitute ( SD) - Founder: Fr. Varghese payappilly - Founded on : 19th march 1927. - Apostolate: Care of the sick , poor and the destitute .

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INDIA Missionary Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament . - Founder : Fr. Mathew Alakalam. - Founded on : 7th may 1933. - A religious life marked by love and single- minded devotion to the Eucharistic Lord and missionary vitality. - Apostolate: Evangelization and pastoral care.

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Our Group BANGLADESH

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BANGLADESH Associates of Mary, Queen of Apostles (SMRA) - Founders: Bishop Timothy John Crowly, csc and Sr. Rose Bernard, csc - Foundation date: 1933 - Apostolates: Teaching, dispensaries, orphanage, hostels for girls, handcrafts, catechism, etc.

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BANGLADESH Catechist Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Queen of Angels (ICI): - popularly known as Shanti Rani Sisters - Founders: Bishop Joseph Obert, PIME - Foundation date: 1953 - Apostolates: catechism teaching, dispensaries, orphanage, hostels for girls, etc.

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BANGLADESH Little Handmaids of the Church (LHC) - Founders: Bishop Larose, csc and Mother Alphonse, csc - Foundation date: 1956 - Apostolates: catechism, pastoral ministry, hostels for girls, teaching, dispensaries, etc.-

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Our Group KOREA(South)

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KOREA(South) First entering of Catholic: 1770~ Some group of Scholars contacted Catholic in China and imported as a western theory. (no missionary)

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KOREA(South) First Female Congregation: 1888 Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres.

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KOREA(South) First Male Congregation: 1909 St Benedictine Order

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KOREA(South) First Local Congregation - Congregatioin of Our Lady of Perpetual Help ( Female : 1932)

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KOREA(South) First Local Congregation - Congregation of Korean Martyrs ( Male : 1953 )