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Premium member Presentation Transcript Microbial Genetics: Microbial Genetics Chapter 8Structure and Function of Genetic Material: Structure and Function of Genetic Material DNA & RNA DNA deoxyribonucleic acid RNA ribonucleic acid Nucleotides Phosphate group Pentose sugar Nitrogenous baseStructure of DNA: Structure of DNA Double stranded (double helix) polymers of nucleotides 5’ to 3’ (strands are anti-parallel) Complimentary Base Pairing A - T G - CDNA Replication: DNA Replication Bacteria have only 1 chromosome (ccDNA) E. coli about 4 million base pairs 1 mm long (1000 times longer than the cell) DNA takes up only about 10 % of cells volumeSlide 7: E. coli DNA 1u 1,360u 1ft. 1,360 ft.DNA Replication occurs at the Replication Fork (5’ to 3’): DNA Replication occurs at the Replication Fork (5’ to 3’) DNA Helicase 1. Leading Strand ( 5’ to 3’ ) DNA Polymerase 2. Lagging Strand ( 5’ to 3’) RNA Polymerase (RNA Primer) DNA Polymerase (extends primer and digests RNA) DNA Ligase Okazaki FragmentsBidirectional replication: Bidirectional replication Origin of replication Termination siteProtein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis DNA mRNA Protein Transcription Translation Central Dogma of Molecular GeneticsTranscription: Transcription One strand of DNA is used as a template to form a complimentary strand of mRNA mRNA ----> messenger RNATranscription: Transcription 3 ways RNA differs from DNA Promoter RNA Polymerase Termination Site 5’ to 3’3 Types of RNA: 3 Types of RNA 1. mRNA Contains the codons 2. rRNA Ribosomes (70S) 3. tRNA Transfer amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis Anti-codonGenetic Code: Genetic Code DNA mRNA tRNA Triplet code codons anticodonsGenetic Code: Genetic Code Codons code for a specific amino acid 20 amino acids 3 base code - 4 bases ( A,U,G,C ) 64 possible combinations ( 4 3 ) Amino acids are coded for by more than one codon Genetic Code is Degenerative Genetic Code is UniversalTranslation: Translation rRNA ribosomal RNA (forms the ribosomes) (70S) tRNA transfer RNA (transfers amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis) anticodon 3 base sequence that is complimentary to the codon on mRNARegulation of Gene Expression: Regulation of Gene Expression All Genes are not always being expressed Genes turned on all the time - Constitutive Other genes can be regulated: Turned On Turned Offlac operon: lac operon Lac - Lactose (dissacharide) Glucose and Galactose operon - series of structural genes all under the control of a Regulatory Gene lac operon is normally turned off lac operon is an Inducible operonTryptophan operon: Tryptophan operon Tryptophan - amino acid operon - series of structural genes all under the control of a Regulatory Gene Tryptophan operon is normally turned on Tryptophan operon is a repressible operonMutations - a change in the base sequence of DNA: Mutations - a change in the base sequence of DNA Mutations can be: 1. Harmful 2. Lethal 3. Beneficial 4. Silent (neutral) UUU - Phe UUC - PheSlide 28: Types of Mutations Normal DNASlide 29: Base Substitution Mutation C Missense MutationSlide 30: T Nonsense Mutation Base Substitution MutationFrame Shift Mutation: Frame Shift Mutation ATG CAT GCA TGC ATT TCC TGC TTA AAA 1. Addition Mutation A AT GCA TGC ATG CAT TTT CCT GCT TAA Reading Frame is Shifted 2. Deletion Mutation TGC ATG CAT GCA TTT CCT GCT TAA Reading Frame is ShiftedGenetic Transfer in Bacteria: Genetic Transfer in Bacteria Genetic Transfer - results in Genetic Variation Genetic Variation - is needed for Evolution 3 Ways Genetic Transfer can occur in Bacteria 1. Transformation 2. Cunjugation 3. TransductionTransformation: Transformation Genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA Frederick Griffith (1928)Griffith’s Experiment: Griffith’s Experiment 2 Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae 1. Virulent strain with a capsule - Pneumonia 2. Avirulent strain without a capsule - no diseaseSlide 35: Griffith’s ExperimentSlide 36: Griffith’s ExperimentSlide 37: Griffith’s ExperimentSlide 38: Griffith’s ExperimentSlide 40: Conjugation One bacterium passes some DNA (in a plasmid) to another bacteriumTransduction: Transduction DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus Bacteriophage virus that only infects bacteria You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
microbial genetics jitpatel21 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: Embed: Flash iPad Dynamic Copy Does not support media & animations Automatically changes to Flash or non-Flash embed WordPress Embed Customize Embed URL: Copy Thumbnail: Copy The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 192 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: July 12, 2011 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Microbial Genetics: Microbial Genetics Chapter 8Structure and Function of Genetic Material: Structure and Function of Genetic Material DNA & RNA DNA deoxyribonucleic acid RNA ribonucleic acid Nucleotides Phosphate group Pentose sugar Nitrogenous baseStructure of DNA: Structure of DNA Double stranded (double helix) polymers of nucleotides 5’ to 3’ (strands are anti-parallel) Complimentary Base Pairing A - T G - CDNA Replication: DNA Replication Bacteria have only 1 chromosome (ccDNA) E. coli about 4 million base pairs 1 mm long (1000 times longer than the cell) DNA takes up only about 10 % of cells volumeSlide 7: E. coli DNA 1u 1,360u 1ft. 1,360 ft.DNA Replication occurs at the Replication Fork (5’ to 3’): DNA Replication occurs at the Replication Fork (5’ to 3’) DNA Helicase 1. Leading Strand ( 5’ to 3’ ) DNA Polymerase 2. Lagging Strand ( 5’ to 3’) RNA Polymerase (RNA Primer) DNA Polymerase (extends primer and digests RNA) DNA Ligase Okazaki FragmentsBidirectional replication: Bidirectional replication Origin of replication Termination siteProtein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis DNA mRNA Protein Transcription Translation Central Dogma of Molecular GeneticsTranscription: Transcription One strand of DNA is used as a template to form a complimentary strand of mRNA mRNA ----> messenger RNATranscription: Transcription 3 ways RNA differs from DNA Promoter RNA Polymerase Termination Site 5’ to 3’3 Types of RNA: 3 Types of RNA 1. mRNA Contains the codons 2. rRNA Ribosomes (70S) 3. tRNA Transfer amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis Anti-codonGenetic Code: Genetic Code DNA mRNA tRNA Triplet code codons anticodonsGenetic Code: Genetic Code Codons code for a specific amino acid 20 amino acids 3 base code - 4 bases ( A,U,G,C ) 64 possible combinations ( 4 3 ) Amino acids are coded for by more than one codon Genetic Code is Degenerative Genetic Code is UniversalTranslation: Translation rRNA ribosomal RNA (forms the ribosomes) (70S) tRNA transfer RNA (transfers amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis) anticodon 3 base sequence that is complimentary to the codon on mRNARegulation of Gene Expression: Regulation of Gene Expression All Genes are not always being expressed Genes turned on all the time - Constitutive Other genes can be regulated: Turned On Turned Offlac operon: lac operon Lac - Lactose (dissacharide) Glucose and Galactose operon - series of structural genes all under the control of a Regulatory Gene lac operon is normally turned off lac operon is an Inducible operonTryptophan operon: Tryptophan operon Tryptophan - amino acid operon - series of structural genes all under the control of a Regulatory Gene Tryptophan operon is normally turned on Tryptophan operon is a repressible operonMutations - a change in the base sequence of DNA: Mutations - a change in the base sequence of DNA Mutations can be: 1. Harmful 2. Lethal 3. Beneficial 4. Silent (neutral) UUU - Phe UUC - PheSlide 28: Types of Mutations Normal DNASlide 29: Base Substitution Mutation C Missense MutationSlide 30: T Nonsense Mutation Base Substitution MutationFrame Shift Mutation: Frame Shift Mutation ATG CAT GCA TGC ATT TCC TGC TTA AAA 1. Addition Mutation A AT GCA TGC ATG CAT TTT CCT GCT TAA Reading Frame is Shifted 2. Deletion Mutation TGC ATG CAT GCA TTT CCT GCT TAA Reading Frame is ShiftedGenetic Transfer in Bacteria: Genetic Transfer in Bacteria Genetic Transfer - results in Genetic Variation Genetic Variation - is needed for Evolution 3 Ways Genetic Transfer can occur in Bacteria 1. Transformation 2. Cunjugation 3. TransductionTransformation: Transformation Genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA Frederick Griffith (1928)Griffith’s Experiment: Griffith’s Experiment 2 Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae 1. Virulent strain with a capsule - Pneumonia 2. Avirulent strain without a capsule - no diseaseSlide 35: Griffith’s ExperimentSlide 36: Griffith’s ExperimentSlide 37: Griffith’s ExperimentSlide 38: Griffith’s ExperimentSlide 40: Conjugation One bacterium passes some DNA (in a plasmid) to another bacteriumTransduction: Transduction DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus Bacteriophage virus that only infects bacteria