EUROPE

EUROPE: 

EUROPE

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Europe is one of the most densely populated continents. This population density has resulted in an excellent public transportation system. More than 40 countries take up the 4 million square miles. The closeness of the other countries promotes easy travel between countries.

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Europe’s railway system is extensive.

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The population density has resulted in an excellent public transportation system. Many Europeans, especially those in cities never learn to drive. They depend on busses and trains. The ability to travel between countries causes more people to speak more than one language. The people of Western Europe are typically wealthier, while those in Eastern Europe are poorer. The People of Europe

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European Union After WW2, the countries of Europe decided it would be beneficial for all of them to work together to find ways to rebuild their economies and restore political stability. The 1 st step was to jointly govern coal and steel production. Then, trade barriers were removed among countries that belonged to the European Community.

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Today’s European Union was signed into effect in 1992 by the Maastricht Treaty. Today , 27 nations belong to the EU. The EU provides for a common foreign policy and a single European currency, the Euro. The Euro is commonly used now in 12 countries.

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EU countries trade goods and services and allow their citizens to travel freely between countries . The EU has a population of almost 500 million people, making it a very important player in the global economy.

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The European Union exports more than any other country, including the US. The EU’s main exports are: machinery motor vehicles airplanes plastics chemicals pharmaceuticals.

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Scandinavia and Finland Made up of : Norway Sweden Denmark Finland, close neighbor

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Land of the Midnight Sun

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Aurora Borealis in Finland Video

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Like in other Scandinavian countries, Norwegians enjoy a high standard of living. They have many social welfare systems that help to distribute wealth evenly among the people. Norway

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Oslo is the capital of Norway, and is Europe’s most expensive city.

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Norway is Europe’s largest producer of oil. An oil platform in the North Sea

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A glacier flowing into a fjord in Norway

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Fjord – a natural harbor carved out by a glacier.

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Lofoten Archipelago Archipelago – a large group of islands

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Most beaches in Norway are rocky and inaccessible. This beach in the Lofoten Archipelago is an unspoiled beauty.

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Fish drying in Norway in June on the Lofoten Islands

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A Stave Church – a medieval wooden church

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Forests cover 37% of Norway, making a nice home for squirrels, moose, foxes,hedgehogs , beavers, hares, and wolves.

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A ringed seal pup

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Most towns in Norway have a ski jump .

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Norwegian Culture Jante Law Humble Honest Egalitarian Non- judgemental Simple tastes Egalitarian – a person who believes in human equality, especially with respect to social, political, and economic affairs

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It is made up of a peninsula that juts upwards from Germany towards Norway and Sweden and more than 100 small islands to the east. Denmark

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Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark Many citizens ride bikes. “Happiest people in the world.”

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Copenhagen’s canal district

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Denmark has a long line of royals

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Pig and dairy farming are one of Denmark’s big industries.

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Denmark is the home of Legos .

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Denmark is famous for its unique architecture.

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Egeskov Castle - medieval

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Hamlet’s home – Elsinor Castle

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Danish Culture Modest Women are respected Courteous Obey rules Soft-spoken

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A wealthy country with high taxes and social welfare. Swedes are very concerned about conserving the environment. Sweden

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The capital of Sweden is Stockholm. It is a beautiful city built on 14 islands.

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The Ice Hotel

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The Sami People

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Swedish Smorgasbord

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Swedish Culture Humble Soft-spoken Polite Egalitarian Family-friendly Punctual (Swedish language video)

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Finland Land is covered with lakes and forests.

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Finnish Sauna

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Helsinki, the capital of Finland

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Logging is a major industry in Finland.

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Finnish design is functional and simple.

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Finns love hockey as well as some other, crazier sports.

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Finnish Culture Punctual Honest Private Organized Love coffee Respect nature

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British Isles The British Isles include two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland , and 5,000 small islands , most notably the Isle of Man which has its own parliament and laws.

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The official name of the UK is the " United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ". The UK is made up of 4 countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland United Kingdom

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Great Britain Great Britain is made up of: England Scotland Wales

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England England is the biggest country in the UK and occupies most of the southern two thirds of Great Britain. England contains about 84% of the UK population. The capital, seat of government, and the largest city in the United Kingdom is London. London is also is the capital of England.

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People from many different countries have immigrated to London, giving it a great cultural diversity. Also, only about 60% of Londoners are Christians.

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London will host the Summer Olympics and the Queen’s 60 th Jubilee in 2012.

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The British Royal Family

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English Homes

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Fish ‘n’ Chips

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Football is extremely popular

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Boxing Day

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Boxing Day shoppers in London look for bargains

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Scotland Known for its beautiful green hills, cliffs, castles, and of course, Loch Ness.

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Scotland is also famous for kilts and bagpipes.

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Ireland The “Emerald Isle” The Republic of Ireland separated from Northern Ireland in 1922 after a civil war due to conflicts (mostly religious) with the UK.

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The capital of Ireland is Dublin. Ireland ranks number 120 in both land area and population compared to other countries in the world. It has a mild, wet climate. 87% of its people are Roman Catholics The majority of people work in the service industry.

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The Great Famine lasted from 1845 to 1849 Over a million people died from starvation due to a potato fungus. Over 2 million people emigrated to the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia

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Saint Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland. He is credited with introducing Christianity to Ireland Saint Patrick

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The Shamrock is a traditional Irish symbol. There are no snakes in Ireland.

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Irish castles were built as fortifications to protect against attacks from enemy clans and Vikings.

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Pubs are a big part of Irish social life

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The Low Countries Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg The most densely populated countries in Europe High standard of living Predominately Roman Catholic

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Netherlands Capital - Amsterdam Official language – Dutch High taxes – many social programs, low poverty levels

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One-third of the land in the Netherlands has been reclaimed from the sea. Most of this land is used for farming. Flooding is a big problem.

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One use for Dutch windmills is pumping water

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Tulips are the most famous of the Netherlands exports.

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Aerial view of tulip fields

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More people ride bikes than drive cars.

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Amsterdam canals form concentric circles

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Belgium Was part of the Netherlands until 1830. Languages – German (official) French, Flemish Capital - Brussels “Crossroads of Western Europe”

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The Grand Palace in Brussels

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Mussels in Brussels

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Luxembourg Official language – Luxembourgish Population – 536,000 Capital – Luxembourg City Smaller than Rhode Island

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Germany Europe’s largest economy and second most populous nation. Germany did not reunite until 1990.

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Even the capital city Berlin, was separated into East and West by the Berlin Wall.

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Germany became infamous for Hitler’s acts of genocide in World War II.

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German social customs Master planners Communication is very formal Work and personal lives strictly divided Homes are expected to be kept neat and tidy Many Germans do not believe in God High rate of unmarried couples raising children

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Germans are polite

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Fire rolling

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Oktoberfest – Germany’s annual party

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France One of the most modern countries in the world In the early 21st century, 5 French overseas entities - French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion - became French regions and were made part of France proper. Europe’s largest exporter of agricultural products

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Paris is the capital of France and is called the City of Light

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the most-visited paid monument in the world The Eiffel Tower

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The Louvre Museum – the most visited museum in the world

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Notre Dame Cathedral

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France produces about one-fifth of the world’s wine.

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Food is one of the great passions of the French people.

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Paris is the “fashion capital of the world”

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France’s TGV trains are the fastest in the world.

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The French Riviera is a popular vacation spot for the rich and famous

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Monaco

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Run for years by the Grimaldi Family

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Spain and Portugal form the Iberian Peninsula

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Spain major industrial nation large agricultural center booming tourist trade

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The Spanish lifestyle is more relaxed than other European countries. Most businesses close for an afternoon siesta.

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The dry Meseta Plain requires dry farming and drought-resistant crops.

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Spain went from the rule of Franco, a dictator, to a democracy under Juan Carlos I in 1975.

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Madrid – beautiful and laid back

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The festival of Semana Santa – Holy Week

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Pamplona

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The festival of La Tomatina – the world’s biggest food fight

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Flamenco dancing and guitar playing are pure Spanish culture.

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Andalusia & Costa del Sol

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Paella

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Portugal One of the poorest countries in Western Europe Tourism is very important to the economy. Suffered a severe setback with the destruction of Lisbon in the 1755 earthquake

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Lisbon, Portugal

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The Tower of Belem. Vasco de Gama set sail from here for his trip around the world.

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Portugal is the world’s leading exporter of cork.

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The island of Madeira, just of Portugal’s coast

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Italy Also includes the islands of Sardinia and Sicily The Alps form the northern border, and the Apennine Mountains run down the center of the “boot” into Sicily. The northern region is industrialized and wealthy, while the southern region is more agricultural and poorer.

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The Colosseum’s stone was pilfered for other building projects.

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Vatican City, the headquarters of the Catholic Church, is located within the city of Rome and is the world’s smallest independent state.

1400 – 1500 - Italy recovers from the Middle Ages - Florence becomes the cultural center “new Athens” - Italians want to bring back the glory of ancient Rome - They study math, science, and the human body - Oil painting becomes widespread in the 15th century: 

1400 – 1500 - Italy recovers from the Middle Ages - Florence becomes the cultural center “new Athens” - Italians want to bring back the glory of ancient Rome - They study math, science, and the human body - Oil painting becomes widespread in the 15 th century

Cosimo de Medici Palazzo Medici Lorenzo de Medici: 

Cosimo de Medici Palazzo Medici Lorenzo de Medici The Medici family, wealthy bankers were the most powerful family in Florence. They used their wealth as patrons of the arts. Cosimo de Medici was the patriarch. Lorenzo the Magnificent took over after Cosimo’s death. Artwork was also commissioned by the church, royals, aristocrats, and other wealthy families.

1500 – 1520 : 

1500 – 1520 Widely viewed as the greatest explosion of creative genius in history Rome becomes the art center of Europe The Pope commissions many great works of art from great artists throughout Europe The notion of artist as genius is born Venetian artists make dramatic innovations in painting The three greatest artists of the High Renaissance were da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael

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Florence, the birthplace of the Renaissance

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The Florence Cathedral and its famous dome.

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Michelangelo – the Sistine Chapel ceiling, La Pieta, and David

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Da Vinci’s Last Supper

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Raphael’s Sistine Madonna and School of Athens

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Fashion is important to Italians.

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Switzerland Home of the world’s highest mountains, the Alps Known for remaining neutral in political conflicts

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The capital city of Switzerland, Bern

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Geneva is the home of the Red Cross and the World Health Organization

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Zurich is a world financial center.

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Austria Language: German

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Picture the panoramic views from the Sound of Music

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On old-fashioned farms, the animals lived in the same house as the people.

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dirndle lederhosen

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Vienna, a world center for music, and Austria’s capital.

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Apple strudel

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The Baltic States – Belarus Estonia Lithuania Latvia

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The Brest Fortress Memorial honors Russian frontier guards from WWII

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Forests and lakes cover a vast amount of the countryside

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There are 2,800 lakes in Lithuania alone, many of them glacial

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Citizens of the Baltic States formed a human chain that stretched across all 3 countries to fight for independence from the USSR.

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Central Europe Poland Czech Republic Slovakia Hungary Moldova Caucasian Republic Georgia Azerbaijan Armenia Ukraine Many of these countries lie on the north European Plain. The flat terrain makes it easy to invade, and the political boundaries have been redrawn many times.

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Most people in Central Europe are Roman Catholic, and the celebration of Saints days and religious festivals are an important part of life. Weddings and holidays are celebrated with folk music and dancing.

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The Danube River connects Slovakia and Hungary to Germany and the Rhine River in the west, and to the Black Sea in the southeast. It provides a trade route and hydroelectric power.

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Air pollution from factories is a big problem, causing high rates of asthma in children.

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Poland

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Because Poland lies on the north European Plain, it is relatively flat, making farming easier. Farms are usually small and sometimes run part-time.

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Warsaw in 1939 after an attack of German warplanes

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Warsaw today, the capital and largest city in Poland

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Czech Republic Formerly a part of Czechoslovakia, which split into the democracies of the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1990. A highly-industrialized country Farms are typically large and run by the state Language - Czech

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Prague, the capital, was not damaged during WWII, so its architecture has been preserved.

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The Czech Republic has one of the highest density of castles in the world, with the Prague Castle being the largest castle area in the world, spreading to over 18 acres.

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Prague’s Charles Bridge is one of the many monuments that were built during the reign of Charles IV.

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The fine sands found in this area are perfect for making the high-quality, delicate glass known as Bohemian glass.

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Beer is one of the best-known products manufactured in the Czech Republic.

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Slovakia A mountainous country, more rural than the Czech Republic Slovakia has cold, humid and very cloudy winters. The official language of Slovakia is Slovak. The average Slovakian woman has 1.33 children in her lifetime. This is one of the lowest rates in Europe.

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Bratislava became the capital of Slovakia in 1993. It is called the Little Big City

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Hungary

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Budapest, the capital, is actually 2 cities, separated by the Danube River. Buda is the ancient part, and Pest is the modern part.

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Budapest is famous for it baths, which are heated by the thermal springs just below the surface in the area.

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Hungarian goulash, a stew of beef and vegetables Hungarian cuisine is rich, heavy, and spicy.

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Ukraine Has fertile farmland and lots of natural resources. Formerly dominated by the USSR, it became independent in 1991. Official language is Ukrainian.

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The Chernobyl nuclear disaster that occurred in 1986 killed thousands of people, cost the USSR billions of dollars, and may have contributed to its ultimate collapse.

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Ukrainians are heavy drinkers.

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Parents are strict regarding behavior and grades in school. They are somewhat suspicious of wealth. They are very reserved in public. Gender roles are very traditional. Ukrainian Culture

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The Caucasian Republics Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia

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An apple seller. A wide variety of fruits are grown in Georgia , although arable land is limited.

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Armenia is a rugged, volcanic country with rich mineral resources. It is highly prone to earthquakes and occasional droughts. This is Mount Ararat, where some believe Noah’s Ark came to rest.

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Many Armenians are sheep or cattle farmers.

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During WWI, the Turkish government killed 1 ½ million Armenians (60% of the people who lived there), almost destroying the entire country.

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Staple foods are bread and salt. Breakfasts on nonworking days are sometimes major get-together events

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Azerbaijan is home to about one million refugees and displaced persons from other countries .

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The rich carpet-weaving tradition is a source of national pride.

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Arranged marriages are common in Azerbaijan.

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Southeast Europe Serbia Montenegro Bosnia and Herzegovina Macedonia Albania Romania Bulgaria Rugged mountains separated by deep river valleys. Formerly part of Yogoslavia

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Ethnic cleansing – the systematic removal of one ethnic or religious group by another In the early 1990’s the Serbs engaged in ethnic cleansing Against Bosnian Muslims and Croats.

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Romania

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Serious environmental problems include soil erosion and water and air pollution from unregulated industrial development

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Romania is a very poor country. Cars are rare.

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Married women cover their heads with cloths.

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Romanian orphanages were filled with abandoned children in the 80’s and 90’s.

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Several generations often live together with an average of 10 sq. meters of living space per person.

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“Dracula’s castle” in the Transylvania region of Romania.

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Bulgaria Slightly larger than Tennessee Mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southeast Capital city is Sofia

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National Revival period houses in Bulgaria are brightly painted with second floors projecting out over the street.

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Perfume is made from the rose petals grown in the Valley of the Roses.

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Traditional Bulgarian dress.

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Greece

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Rich in history, Athens was one of the 1 st great civilizations Mountainous terrain Over 2,000 scattered islands 98% Orthodox Christians One of the poorest members of the European Union On the verge of defaulting on international loans, jeopardizing the European and world economies Greece

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The capital city of Athens, one of the oldest cities in Europe.

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The Parthenon at the Acropolis in Athens.

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Greece’s beauty attracts tourists from all over the world.

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Greece has very hot subtropical climate. The summer is long, hot and dry.

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Greek Orthodox churches are extremely ornate and have many rituals.

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Greece’s merchant fleet is one of the largest in the world.

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baklava Goat cheese

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Greece Video