Social Support naration

Social Support : 

Social Support Presentation by Jagdeep Kalotia and Jeff Sprague California State University Sacramento NURS 212 Concept and Theory Development Fall Semester, 2008 1

Social Support : 

Social Support Definition: “The amount of help actually received, satisfaction with that help, and the persons (network) providing that help” (Mercer and collegues 1986, p.341) (Tomey and Alligood) 2

Evolution : 

Evolution Social support has a great impact on health education and health behavior. John Cassel (1976) Social support serves to protect us from the effects of stress on our health. 3

Content : 

Content Help in difficult life situations Intuitive concept ‘the individual belief that one is cared for and loved, esteemed and valued, and belongs to a network of communication and mutual obligations’. -Sidney Cobb (1976) http://www.euphix.org/object_document/o5479n27411.html 4

Structure and Relationships : 

4a 2a 5 4 3 2 1 Structure and Relationships 5

Relationships (Lisa Berkman) : 

Relationships (Lisa Berkman) Social integration: Social ties. Social support: An important function. Social network: The web of social relationships around individuals. 6

Assumptions (Health Outcomes) : 

Assumptions (Health Outcomes) •Emotional support: Sharing life experiences. Empathy, love, trust and caring. •Instrumental support: Substantial assistance for those in need. Close friends, colleagues and neighbors. •Informational support: Advice, suggestions, and information •Appraisal support: Self evaluation; Constructive feedback; Affirmation and social comparison. 7

Evaluation: Clarity : 

Evaluation: Clarity Semantic clarity Structural clarity Perceived and provided social support 8 Jeff’s daughter Rachel :-)

Evaluation: Simplicity : 

Evaluation: Simplicity social relationships straight forward organization concepts and interrelationships A --B 9

Evaluation: Specificity or Generality : 

Evaluation: Specificity or Generality Holistic approach Macro theory (concept) Social integration 10

Slide 11: 

11 Evaluation: Accessibility Life Event Questionnaire (LEQ) (Jane Norbeck)

Slide 12: 

Reduces the risks faced by young Americans Mentor volunteers Positive outcomes 12 Evaluation: Scope

Relevance to Public Health : 

Relevance to Public Health Data collection Lisa Berkman (1979) Jane S. Norbeck, RN, DNSc, FAAN (1989-2000) 13

NSSQ Functional Support Items : 

NSSQ Functional Support Items Functional Designation Item Affect1 How much does this person make you feel liked or loved? Affect2 How much does this person make you feel respected or admired? Affirm1 How much can you confide in this person? Affirm2 How much does this person agree with your actions or thoughts? Aid1 (short term) If you needed to borrow $10, a ride to the doctor, or some other immediate help, how person usually help? Aid2 (long term) If you were confined to bed for several weeks, how much could this person help you? Norbeck, J.S., Lindsey, A.M., & Carrieri, V.L. (1981). The development of an instrument to measure social support. Nursing Research, 30, 264-269. 14

Situation-Specific Questions Used : 

Situation-Specific Questions Used Functional Designation Item SSAffect How much does this person make you feel respected or admired for being both a mother and a student? SSAffirm How much does this person agree with your being both a mother and a student? SSAid When you need help with being a student (time for studying, money, help with the household), how much can this person help you? Norbeck, J.S., Lindsey, A.M., & Carrieri, V.L. (1981). The development of an instrument to measure social support. Nursing Research, 30, 264-269. 15

Slide 16: 

Situation-Relating Causal relationships that allow for predictions. Certain circumstances or behavior will promote or inhibit the occurrence of another situation. 16

The Commonplaces : 

The Commonplaces Person: is not specifically defined Health: Health is not defined Environment: The environment factor is not conceptualized in social support.

Importance of the Theory to Nursing : 

Importance of the Theory to Nursing Social Support: An important concept in nursing.

Contagiousness : 

Contagiousness The concept of Social Support is very contagious and is widely used in healthcare. It is a recognized fact that fulfilling relations with family and friends are fundamental to a happy and a healthy life.

Do we like this theory? : 

Do we like this theory? Yes and No

Seminar Discussion : 

Seminar Discussion Do you view social support as an important concept in Nursing? If so, why? Web CT Discussion How do you use the concept of social support in your nursing practice?

References : 

References Balaji, A.B., et al.(2007). Social Support Networks and Maternal Mental Health Well-Being. Journal of Women’s Health, 16(10). P1386-1395. Bevis, E.O. (1998). Curriculum Building in Nursing: A Process. Jones & Bartlett. Retrieved October 9, 2008 from http://books.google.com/books?id=EqPsVktjn-sC&dq=factor-relating+theory&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0   European Union Public Health Information System. (June 5, 2008). Social support: Definition and scope. Retrieved October 9, 2008 from http://www.euphix.org/object_document/o5479n27411.html Gigliotti, E. (n.d.). Use of situation-specific Norbeck social support questionaire (NSSQ) items. Retrieved on November 18, 2008 from http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:rTexLDM5u3oJ:www.nursing- research- editor.com/authors/ OMR/9/OMRManuscript.pdf+Norbeck+Social+Support+ Questionnaire& hl=en&ct =clnk&cd=2&gl=us&client=firefox-a Heaney, C.A. and Israel, B.A. (2002). Social Networks and Social Support. In Glanz, K., Rimer, B.K., and Lewis, F.M. (Eds.), Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice. (3rd Ed. Ch 9) Jossey-Bass. Retrieved on September 25, 2008 from https://online.csus.edu/webct/urw/lc4130001.tp0/cobaltMainFrame.dowebct Norbeck, J. (December 22, 2006). International nursing research in social support: Theoretical and methodological issues. Retrieved October 20, 2008 from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119464147/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 University of Twente. (September 9, 2004). Social support: Exchange of assistance through social relationships. Retrieved October 9, 2008 from http://www.tcw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Health%20Communic ation/Social_Support.doc/ 22