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Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: BIOLOGY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS PART - I Slide 2: Siddha System presents the slogan "Food is being medicine and medicine is being food" to people. In the ancient period Indian saints handled the plants and herbs for long life with better health and lived more than thousand years of age. The sages were called Rishis in the North and Siddhars in the South and their systems were known as Ayurveda and Siddha : In the ancient period Indian saints handled the plants and herbs for long life with better health and lived more than thousand years of age. The sages were called Rishis in the North and Siddhars in the South and their systems were known as Ayurveda and Siddha Slide 4: According to Siddha predictions, it is known to the world that Lord Siva taught the Siddha principles and philosophies to Matha, Sri Parasakthi. After that the Siddha principles were presented to the followers of Lord Siva and Sakthi, to Siddhars, starting with Siddhar - Nantheesar, then to Siddhar Thirumoolar, Slide 5: A civilized society must naturally have had a system of medicine which catered to the health needs of its people. This was the Siddha system. The term 'Siddhi' means 'achievement' and the Siddhars were men who achieved certain results in medicine, as well as in yoga or tapas. Slide 6: The results in medicine were achieved by the Siddhars through their mental powers, they bequeathed to their 'Chilas' or pupils, who preserved and propagated the science. Eighteen siddhas seem to have existed. They should have lived at different periods and bequeathed their experiences in medicine and yoga to posterity Slide 7: Agathiyar and other disciples along with the 18 Siddhars and so on. When we go through the Tamil Literature, we can see several Siddhars like Agathiyar, Tholkappiyar etc All the Siddhars adopted the principles of Saiva Siddhantham. It is an excellent philosophical theory to human beings with holy life. In all Siddhars, Agathiyar was considered the prominent leader with his later guru Lord Subramaniyar. Slide 8: .From the old Siddha literature we can understand that Siddhar - Agathiyar was first taught by Lord Siva, Sakthi and later by Lord Subramaniyar. Along with him we have Siddhars like Sattanathar, Korakkar, Kaalangi, Pulasthiyar, Theraiyar, Pulippani, Bogar, Konganavar, Machamuni and so on. All the Siddhars taught their principles along with their well experienced medicines to their disciples under Gurugulavasa . They brought the secrets in the palm leaves manuscripts with several code words for their understandings. Slide 9: Most of their predictions are classified with several formulations which could be followed and adopted according to the land, climate, age, severity of the disease food and circumstances. In general, single and even compound medicines are advised for the patients by knowing the pulse diagnosis methods, the variations of Naadi in their hands by means of Vali, Azhal, Aiyyan, or in other words called Vaatham, pitham and kapam, respectively. . Slide 10: The universe consists of two essential entities, matter and energy. The Siddhas call them Siva (male) and Shakti (female, creation). Matter cannot exist without energy inherent in it and vice versa. The two co-exist and are inseparable. They are the primordial elements Bhutas, not to be confused with modern chemistry. Slide 11: Their names are Munn(solid), Neer (fluid), Thee (radiance), Vayu (gas) and Aakasam (ether). These five elements (Bhutas) are present in every substance, but in different proportions. Earth, water, fire, air and ether are manifestations of these 5 elements. Slide 12: The human anatomy and physiology, causative factor of diseases, the materials for the treatment and cure of the diseases, the foods for the sustenance of the body, all fall within the five elemental categories (3) . The human being is made up of these five elements, in different combinations. The physiological function in the body is mediated by three substances (dravayas), which are made up of the five elements. Slide 13: They are Vatham, Pitham, and Karpam. In each and every cell of the body these three doshas co-exist and function harmoniously. The tissues are called dhatus. Vatham is formed by Akasa and Vayu. Vatham controls the nervous actions such as movement, sensation ,etc. Pitham is formed by Thee and controls the metabolic activity of the body, digestion, assimilation, warmth, etc. Slide 14: Kapam is formed by Munn and Neer and controls stability. When their equilibrium is upsets disease sets in. In addition to the influence of the Tridoshas the seasons also affects body constituents as evident in northern and southern India. The five elementsMunn , Neer, Thee, Vayu, and Aakasam Slide 15: These three vital forces of cosmic elements are named under Three Thosham, or Mukkuttram and this is activated by the functions of Punchaboothas. The five major concepts of Punchaboothas, are named as Nilam, Neer, Neruppu, Kattru and Veli, which are respectively in hands known as Prithivi, Appu, Theyu, Vayu, and Akash Slide 16: According to this theory, all the substances in the universe are created under the actions or reactions of the Punchaboothas' functions only. Even for disease also, disease occurs in the living objects (body) by means of less quantity of the ratio of the Punchaboothas only. Slide 17: If the ratio differs from one to another any disease may attack the body (human beings, animals, birds, flies etc.) by the way of the deficiency of certain vitamins and minerals. Slide 18: Now a days several or some medicines affect the body and stimulate the curiosity of the disease to create another disease, this is also caused by the differentiation in the ratio of the Punchaboothas functions. Siddhars in olden days followed and adopted the principles for preparing all medicines like herbal, minerals and metals. They cautioned the administration of certain Basmas, and Sinduras, which are well oxidised stages of metals and minerals, and advised for intaking periods, diet restrictions, according to the age, climate and land etc. : Siddhars in olden days followed and adopted the principles for preparing all medicines like herbal, minerals and metals. They cautioned the administration of certain Basmas, and Sinduras, which are well oxidised stages of metals and minerals, and advised for intaking periods, diet restrictions, according to the age, climate and land etc. Slide 20: Siddhars classified the diseases in different topics and accounted the total diseases for human body as 4448 diseases. They mentioned about the curable and incurable diseases along with the symptoms of the body and predicted the concerned, proper medicines also. Slide 21: Siddhars' thoughts are derived to the medicines for curing toughest and chronic diseases like, cancer, brain tumours, blood cancer, cordiac diseases, Rheumatoid Arthritis, oesteo Arthritis etc. All the Siddha preparations are doing wonders from patient to patient with better ailments 18 SIDDHARS : 18 SIDDHARS 1. Nandi 2. Agasthiyar 3. Thirumular 4. Punnakkeesar 5. Pulasthiyar 6. Poonaikannar 7. Idaikadar 8. Bogar 9. Pulikai Isar 10. Karuvurar 11. Konkanavar 12. Kalangi 13. Sattainathar 14. Azhuganni 15. Agappai 16. Pambatti 17. Theraiyar and 18. Kudhambai. Names like Bogar, Idaikadar and Theraiyar are of recent origin and these Siddhars lived probably in the middle ages. There are also authors of Siddha treatises like Sattaimuni, Yugimuni, Macha Muni, Kakabusundar etc., whose works are available in parts at the present day and are being used. : Names like Bogar, Idaikadar and Theraiyar are of recent origin and these Siddhars lived probably in the middle ages. There are also authors of Siddha treatises like Sattaimuni, Yugimuni, Macha Muni, Kakabusundar etc., whose works are available in parts at the present day and are being used. Slide 24: “Food is being medicine and medicine being food” Food is the basic building material of human body It is processed into humors, tissues and wastes Equilibrium of these are considered as health and its imbalance leads to disease Slide 25: " Noi Naadi Noi Mudhal Naadi Athu thanikkum Vaai Naadi Vayppa Seyal." "Test disease, its causes and cure and apply remedy that is sure" - Thiruvalluvar. Slide 26: The following line of treatment have been in practice in Siddha medicine. Using medicines like Choornam, Kudineer, Vadagam etc. made of herbs. Surgical methods like incision, excision, heat application, blood letting and leech application etc. Physiotherapy - Thokkanam and Varma, the Siddha way of Touch therapy, Medicated Oil application , Fomentation, herbal steam bath etc. Using medicines like Parpam, Chenduram, Chuxnam etc . made of minerals especially of metals. Slide 27: SIGNIFICANCE: The Siddha System is capable of treating all types of chronic diseases especially arthritis, skin problems urinary tract disorders, infertility , degenerative disorders like osteo arthritis , Senile Dementia,disease of the liver, medicinally treatable Spinal disorders ,general debility ,diarrhoea and intractable allergic disorders. Aringnar Anna Govt Hospital of Indian Medicine, Arumbakkam , being the premier institute in Tamil Nadu for Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy treats both outpatient and inpatient Slide 28: In the Siddha medicine system use of metals, minerals and chemical products is predominant. The use of metals started from the period of Vagbhata (6th Centaury AD). Slide 29: Alchemy actually has its origin in the Siddha system which was connected with the Tantrik culture, aimed at perfection of man not only at the spiritual level but also at the physical level. The use of human urine in medicine also started with the Tantrik culture and became popular in the medieval period. Slide 30: The dates of most of alchemy texts are generally uncertain, but they belong possibly to a period between the 9th and the 18th Centuries AD, the period between the 10th and the 14th Centuries being perhaps the most flourishing one. Slide 31: Generally these texts come under the category of the rasasastra, signifying systematic treatments of the new knowledge and practices relating to the use of mercurial compounds and a host of other substance as medicine. Slide 32: The following are among the important rasasastra texts in Sanskrit: Rasahrdaya by Govinda Bhagavat, Rasaratnakara by Siddha Nagarjuna, Rasarnava (author unknown), Rasaratnasamuccya by Vagbhata, Rasaratnakara by Nityanatha Siddha, etc. Slide 33: Generally the basic concepts of the Siddha medicine are almost similar to Ayurveda. The only difference appears to be that the Siddha medicine recognizes predominance of vatham, pitham and kapam in childhood, adulthood and old age respectively, whereas in Ayurveda it is totally reversed: kapam is dominant in childhood, vatham in old age and pitham in adults. Slide 34: About two hundred works in Tamil on the Siddha medicine having alchemical ideas. Of special importance are Amudakalaijnanam, Muppu, Muppuvaippu, Muppucunnam, Carakku, Guruseynir, Paccaivettusutram and Pannir-kandam by Agastya; Kadaikandam, Valalai-sutram and Nadukandam by Konganavar; Karagappa, Purva, Muppu-sutram and Dravakam by Nandisvar; Karpam and Valai-sutram by Bogar etc. Slide 35: According to the Siddha medicine various psychological and physiological functions of the body are attributed to the combination of seven elements: Slide 36: The Udal Thathus Are Saram(Primary Nourishing Fluid) Senneer(Blood) Oon(Muscle) Kozhuppu(Fat) Enbu(Bone) Moolai(Bone Marrow) Sukkilam/Suronitham(Sperm/Ovum) Slide 37: first is saram (plasma) responsible for growth, development and nourishment; second is cheneer (blood) responsible for nourishing muscles, imparting colour and improving intellect; the third is ooun (muscle) responsible for shape of the body; fourth is kollzuppu (fatty tissue) responsible for oil balance and lubricating joints; Slide 38: fifth is enbu (bone) responsible for body structure and posture and movement; sixth is moolai (nerve) responsible for strength; and the last is sukila (semen) responsible for reproduction. Like in Ayurveda, in Siddha medicine also the physiological components of the human beings are classified as Vatha (air), Pitha (fire) and Kapha (earth and water). Concept of Disease and CauseWhen the normal equilibrium of three humors (vatha, pitha and kapha) is disturbed, disease is caused. The factors, which affect this equilibrium are environment, climatic conditions, diet, physical activities, and stress. Under normal conditions, the ratio between these three humors (vatha, pitha and kapha) is 4:2:1 respectively. : Concept of Disease and CauseWhen the normal equilibrium of three humors (vatha, pitha and kapha) is disturbed, disease is caused. The factors, which affect this equilibrium are environment, climatic conditions, diet, physical activities, and stress. Under normal conditions, the ratio between these three humors (vatha, pitha and kapha) is 4:2:1 respectively. mnjkllllll Slide 40: According to the Siddha medicine system diet and life style play a major role not only in health but also in curing diseases. This concept of the Siddha medicine is termed as pathya and apathya, which is essentially a list of do's and dont's Slide 41: Diagnosis In diagnosis, examination of eight items is required which is commonly known as astasthana-pariksa. These are: 1. na (tongue): black in vatha, yellow or red in pitha, white in kapha, ulcerated in anaemia.2. varna (colour): dark in vatha, yellow or red in pitha, pale in kapha; 3. svara (voice): normal in vatha, high pitched in pitha, low pitched in kapha, slurred in alcoholism.4. kan (eyes): muddy conjunctiva, yellowish or red in pitha, pale in kapha. Slide 42: 5. sparisam (touch): dry in vatha, warm in pitha, chill in kapha, sweating in different parts of the body.6. mala (stool): black stools indicate vatha, yellow pitha, pale in kapha, dark red in ulcer and shiny in terminal illness.7. neer (urine): early morning urine is examined; straw colour indicates indigestion, reddish yellow excessive heat, rose in blood pressure, saffron colour in jaundice and looks like meat washed water in renal disease.8. nadi (pulse): the confirmatory method recorded on the radial artery. Slide 43: Concept of Drugs In Siddha medicine the use of metals and minerals are more predominant in comparison to other Indian traditional medicine systems. In the usage of metals, minerals and other chemicals, this system was far more advanced than Ayurveda. Slide 44: Siddhar Nagarjuna introduced the use of mercury and its compounds to the Ayurvedic system in later periods. The use of more metals and chemicals was justified by the fact that to preserve the body from decomposing materials that do not decompose easily should be used. The other reason perhaps was that the south Indian rivers were not perennial and herbs were not available all through the year. Slide 45: The drugs used by the Siddhars could be classified into three groups: thavaram (herbal product), thathu (inorganic substances) and jangamam (animal products). The thathu drugs are further classified as uppu (water soluble inorganic substances or drugs that give out vapour when put into fire), pashanam (drugs not dissolved in water but emit vapour when fired), uparasam (similar to pashanam but differ in action), loham (not dissolved in water but melt when fired), rasam (drugs which are soft) and ghandhagam (drugs which are insoluble in water, like sulphor). Slide 46: In herbal drugs, the Siddhars not only used herbs, which grow in the surrounding areas, but also herbs that grow in high altitudes of Himalayas. It is noteworthy that Siddhar Korakkar was the first to introduce Cannabis as a medicine; he used it as a powerful painkiller. They also used animal products as medicine, for example in mental diseases, peranda bhasma is used which is made of human skull bones and the skulls of dogs. Slide 47: The drugs used in Siddha medicine were classified on the basis of five properties: suvai (taste), guna (character), veerya (potency), pirivu (class) and mahimai (action). According to their mode of application the Siddha medicine could be categorized into two classes: (1) internal medicine and (2) external medicine. Slide 48: Internal medicine was used through the oral route and further classified in to 32 categories based on their form, methods of preparation, shelf life, etc. External medicine includes certain forms of drugs and also certain applications like nasal, eye and ear drops and also certain procedures like leech application. Slide 49: According to their pharmaceutical preparations, Siddha medicine could be categorized into: Kudineer churanam (decoction powder): It is a fine powder of drugs. Chendooram: It is a red colour powder generally made of metallic compounds. Chunnam: It is alkaline in nature. Kalangu: It is based on mercury. Slide 50: Karpams: It could be herbal or non-herbal in nature, made on a daily basis. Karruppu: Mercury and sulphur are essentially present and its colour is dark black. Legiyams and rasayanams: It contains ghee, honey and sugar, apart from herbal powder and juices. Mathirai and vadagam: It is pills prepared from fine powdered paste. Slide 51: Maappagu: It is flavoured medicinal syrup and contains generally aromatic herbs, honey and sugar. Mezhugu, kuzhambu, kalimbu and mai: All of these categories have a waxy feel. Ney: It is medicated ghee, which contains fat-soluble plant substances. Pakkuvam and theenooral: It is herbal medicine with honey. Parpam: It is prepared by the process of calcination. Patangam: It contains mercury, camphor, etc. Thailam: It is medicated oil; usually sesame seed oil, coconut oil, castor oil, etc are used in its preparation. Theeneer: It is distilled essence, which contains volatile constituents of the drugs. Slide 52: Concept of Disease and Cause When the normal equilibrium of three humors (vatha, pitha and kapha) is disturbed, disease is caused. The factors, which affect this equilibrium are environment, climatic conditions, diet, physical activities, and stress. Under normal conditions, the ratio between these three humors (vatha, pitha and kapha) is 4:2:1 respectively. Slide 53: According to the Siddha medicine system diet and life style play a major role not only in health but also in curing diseases. This concept of the Siddha medicine is termed as pathya and apathya, which is essentially a list of do's and dont's. You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Siddha part - I j.asokan Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 789 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (3) Dislike it (0) Added: April 26, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 3 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: dpadmammc (18 month(s) ago) Hi I read your presentation and it was nice. I want to download this presentation so that it will be useful academic activitites. My email id is dpadmammc@rediffmail.com. Regards, Padma Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: arunvani (33 month(s) ago) ki Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: BIOLOGY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS PART - I Slide 2: Siddha System presents the slogan "Food is being medicine and medicine is being food" to people. In the ancient period Indian saints handled the plants and herbs for long life with better health and lived more than thousand years of age. The sages were called Rishis in the North and Siddhars in the South and their systems were known as Ayurveda and Siddha : In the ancient period Indian saints handled the plants and herbs for long life with better health and lived more than thousand years of age. The sages were called Rishis in the North and Siddhars in the South and their systems were known as Ayurveda and Siddha Slide 4: According to Siddha predictions, it is known to the world that Lord Siva taught the Siddha principles and philosophies to Matha, Sri Parasakthi. After that the Siddha principles were presented to the followers of Lord Siva and Sakthi, to Siddhars, starting with Siddhar - Nantheesar, then to Siddhar Thirumoolar, Slide 5: A civilized society must naturally have had a system of medicine which catered to the health needs of its people. This was the Siddha system. The term 'Siddhi' means 'achievement' and the Siddhars were men who achieved certain results in medicine, as well as in yoga or tapas. Slide 6: The results in medicine were achieved by the Siddhars through their mental powers, they bequeathed to their 'Chilas' or pupils, who preserved and propagated the science. Eighteen siddhas seem to have existed. They should have lived at different periods and bequeathed their experiences in medicine and yoga to posterity Slide 7: Agathiyar and other disciples along with the 18 Siddhars and so on. When we go through the Tamil Literature, we can see several Siddhars like Agathiyar, Tholkappiyar etc All the Siddhars adopted the principles of Saiva Siddhantham. It is an excellent philosophical theory to human beings with holy life. In all Siddhars, Agathiyar was considered the prominent leader with his later guru Lord Subramaniyar. Slide 8: .From the old Siddha literature we can understand that Siddhar - Agathiyar was first taught by Lord Siva, Sakthi and later by Lord Subramaniyar. Along with him we have Siddhars like Sattanathar, Korakkar, Kaalangi, Pulasthiyar, Theraiyar, Pulippani, Bogar, Konganavar, Machamuni and so on. All the Siddhars taught their principles along with their well experienced medicines to their disciples under Gurugulavasa . They brought the secrets in the palm leaves manuscripts with several code words for their understandings. Slide 9: Most of their predictions are classified with several formulations which could be followed and adopted according to the land, climate, age, severity of the disease food and circumstances. In general, single and even compound medicines are advised for the patients by knowing the pulse diagnosis methods, the variations of Naadi in their hands by means of Vali, Azhal, Aiyyan, or in other words called Vaatham, pitham and kapam, respectively. . Slide 10: The universe consists of two essential entities, matter and energy. The Siddhas call them Siva (male) and Shakti (female, creation). Matter cannot exist without energy inherent in it and vice versa. The two co-exist and are inseparable. They are the primordial elements Bhutas, not to be confused with modern chemistry. Slide 11: Their names are Munn(solid), Neer (fluid), Thee (radiance), Vayu (gas) and Aakasam (ether). These five elements (Bhutas) are present in every substance, but in different proportions. Earth, water, fire, air and ether are manifestations of these 5 elements. Slide 12: The human anatomy and physiology, causative factor of diseases, the materials for the treatment and cure of the diseases, the foods for the sustenance of the body, all fall within the five elemental categories (3) . The human being is made up of these five elements, in different combinations. The physiological function in the body is mediated by three substances (dravayas), which are made up of the five elements. Slide 13: They are Vatham, Pitham, and Karpam. In each and every cell of the body these three doshas co-exist and function harmoniously. The tissues are called dhatus. Vatham is formed by Akasa and Vayu. Vatham controls the nervous actions such as movement, sensation ,etc. Pitham is formed by Thee and controls the metabolic activity of the body, digestion, assimilation, warmth, etc. Slide 14: Kapam is formed by Munn and Neer and controls stability. When their equilibrium is upsets disease sets in. In addition to the influence of the Tridoshas the seasons also affects body constituents as evident in northern and southern India. The five elementsMunn , Neer, Thee, Vayu, and Aakasam Slide 15: These three vital forces of cosmic elements are named under Three Thosham, or Mukkuttram and this is activated by the functions of Punchaboothas. The five major concepts of Punchaboothas, are named as Nilam, Neer, Neruppu, Kattru and Veli, which are respectively in hands known as Prithivi, Appu, Theyu, Vayu, and Akash Slide 16: According to this theory, all the substances in the universe are created under the actions or reactions of the Punchaboothas' functions only. Even for disease also, disease occurs in the living objects (body) by means of less quantity of the ratio of the Punchaboothas only. Slide 17: If the ratio differs from one to another any disease may attack the body (human beings, animals, birds, flies etc.) by the way of the deficiency of certain vitamins and minerals. Slide 18: Now a days several or some medicines affect the body and stimulate the curiosity of the disease to create another disease, this is also caused by the differentiation in the ratio of the Punchaboothas functions. Siddhars in olden days followed and adopted the principles for preparing all medicines like herbal, minerals and metals. They cautioned the administration of certain Basmas, and Sinduras, which are well oxidised stages of metals and minerals, and advised for intaking periods, diet restrictions, according to the age, climate and land etc. : Siddhars in olden days followed and adopted the principles for preparing all medicines like herbal, minerals and metals. They cautioned the administration of certain Basmas, and Sinduras, which are well oxidised stages of metals and minerals, and advised for intaking periods, diet restrictions, according to the age, climate and land etc. Slide 20: Siddhars classified the diseases in different topics and accounted the total diseases for human body as 4448 diseases. They mentioned about the curable and incurable diseases along with the symptoms of the body and predicted the concerned, proper medicines also. Slide 21: Siddhars' thoughts are derived to the medicines for curing toughest and chronic diseases like, cancer, brain tumours, blood cancer, cordiac diseases, Rheumatoid Arthritis, oesteo Arthritis etc. All the Siddha preparations are doing wonders from patient to patient with better ailments 18 SIDDHARS : 18 SIDDHARS 1. Nandi 2. Agasthiyar 3. Thirumular 4. Punnakkeesar 5. Pulasthiyar 6. Poonaikannar 7. Idaikadar 8. Bogar 9. Pulikai Isar 10. Karuvurar 11. Konkanavar 12. Kalangi 13. Sattainathar 14. Azhuganni 15. Agappai 16. Pambatti 17. Theraiyar and 18. Kudhambai. Names like Bogar, Idaikadar and Theraiyar are of recent origin and these Siddhars lived probably in the middle ages. There are also authors of Siddha treatises like Sattaimuni, Yugimuni, Macha Muni, Kakabusundar etc., whose works are available in parts at the present day and are being used. : Names like Bogar, Idaikadar and Theraiyar are of recent origin and these Siddhars lived probably in the middle ages. There are also authors of Siddha treatises like Sattaimuni, Yugimuni, Macha Muni, Kakabusundar etc., whose works are available in parts at the present day and are being used. Slide 24: “Food is being medicine and medicine being food” Food is the basic building material of human body It is processed into humors, tissues and wastes Equilibrium of these are considered as health and its imbalance leads to disease Slide 25: " Noi Naadi Noi Mudhal Naadi Athu thanikkum Vaai Naadi Vayppa Seyal." "Test disease, its causes and cure and apply remedy that is sure" - Thiruvalluvar. Slide 26: The following line of treatment have been in practice in Siddha medicine. Using medicines like Choornam, Kudineer, Vadagam etc. made of herbs. Surgical methods like incision, excision, heat application, blood letting and leech application etc. Physiotherapy - Thokkanam and Varma, the Siddha way of Touch therapy, Medicated Oil application , Fomentation, herbal steam bath etc. Using medicines like Parpam, Chenduram, Chuxnam etc . made of minerals especially of metals. Slide 27: SIGNIFICANCE: The Siddha System is capable of treating all types of chronic diseases especially arthritis, skin problems urinary tract disorders, infertility , degenerative disorders like osteo arthritis , Senile Dementia,disease of the liver, medicinally treatable Spinal disorders ,general debility ,diarrhoea and intractable allergic disorders. Aringnar Anna Govt Hospital of Indian Medicine, Arumbakkam , being the premier institute in Tamil Nadu for Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy treats both outpatient and inpatient Slide 28: In the Siddha medicine system use of metals, minerals and chemical products is predominant. The use of metals started from the period of Vagbhata (6th Centaury AD). Slide 29: Alchemy actually has its origin in the Siddha system which was connected with the Tantrik culture, aimed at perfection of man not only at the spiritual level but also at the physical level. The use of human urine in medicine also started with the Tantrik culture and became popular in the medieval period. Slide 30: The dates of most of alchemy texts are generally uncertain, but they belong possibly to a period between the 9th and the 18th Centuries AD, the period between the 10th and the 14th Centuries being perhaps the most flourishing one. Slide 31: Generally these texts come under the category of the rasasastra, signifying systematic treatments of the new knowledge and practices relating to the use of mercurial compounds and a host of other substance as medicine. Slide 32: The following are among the important rasasastra texts in Sanskrit: Rasahrdaya by Govinda Bhagavat, Rasaratnakara by Siddha Nagarjuna, Rasarnava (author unknown), Rasaratnasamuccya by Vagbhata, Rasaratnakara by Nityanatha Siddha, etc. Slide 33: Generally the basic concepts of the Siddha medicine are almost similar to Ayurveda. The only difference appears to be that the Siddha medicine recognizes predominance of vatham, pitham and kapam in childhood, adulthood and old age respectively, whereas in Ayurveda it is totally reversed: kapam is dominant in childhood, vatham in old age and pitham in adults. Slide 34: About two hundred works in Tamil on the Siddha medicine having alchemical ideas. Of special importance are Amudakalaijnanam, Muppu, Muppuvaippu, Muppucunnam, Carakku, Guruseynir, Paccaivettusutram and Pannir-kandam by Agastya; Kadaikandam, Valalai-sutram and Nadukandam by Konganavar; Karagappa, Purva, Muppu-sutram and Dravakam by Nandisvar; Karpam and Valai-sutram by Bogar etc. Slide 35: According to the Siddha medicine various psychological and physiological functions of the body are attributed to the combination of seven elements: Slide 36: The Udal Thathus Are Saram(Primary Nourishing Fluid) Senneer(Blood) Oon(Muscle) Kozhuppu(Fat) Enbu(Bone) Moolai(Bone Marrow) Sukkilam/Suronitham(Sperm/Ovum) Slide 37: first is saram (plasma) responsible for growth, development and nourishment; second is cheneer (blood) responsible for nourishing muscles, imparting colour and improving intellect; the third is ooun (muscle) responsible for shape of the body; fourth is kollzuppu (fatty tissue) responsible for oil balance and lubricating joints; Slide 38: fifth is enbu (bone) responsible for body structure and posture and movement; sixth is moolai (nerve) responsible for strength; and the last is sukila (semen) responsible for reproduction. Like in Ayurveda, in Siddha medicine also the physiological components of the human beings are classified as Vatha (air), Pitha (fire) and Kapha (earth and water). Concept of Disease and CauseWhen the normal equilibrium of three humors (vatha, pitha and kapha) is disturbed, disease is caused. The factors, which affect this equilibrium are environment, climatic conditions, diet, physical activities, and stress. Under normal conditions, the ratio between these three humors (vatha, pitha and kapha) is 4:2:1 respectively. : Concept of Disease and CauseWhen the normal equilibrium of three humors (vatha, pitha and kapha) is disturbed, disease is caused. The factors, which affect this equilibrium are environment, climatic conditions, diet, physical activities, and stress. Under normal conditions, the ratio between these three humors (vatha, pitha and kapha) is 4:2:1 respectively. mnjkllllll Slide 40: According to the Siddha medicine system diet and life style play a major role not only in health but also in curing diseases. This concept of the Siddha medicine is termed as pathya and apathya, which is essentially a list of do's and dont's Slide 41: Diagnosis In diagnosis, examination of eight items is required which is commonly known as astasthana-pariksa. These are: 1. na (tongue): black in vatha, yellow or red in pitha, white in kapha, ulcerated in anaemia.2. varna (colour): dark in vatha, yellow or red in pitha, pale in kapha; 3. svara (voice): normal in vatha, high pitched in pitha, low pitched in kapha, slurred in alcoholism.4. kan (eyes): muddy conjunctiva, yellowish or red in pitha, pale in kapha. Slide 42: 5. sparisam (touch): dry in vatha, warm in pitha, chill in kapha, sweating in different parts of the body.6. mala (stool): black stools indicate vatha, yellow pitha, pale in kapha, dark red in ulcer and shiny in terminal illness.7. neer (urine): early morning urine is examined; straw colour indicates indigestion, reddish yellow excessive heat, rose in blood pressure, saffron colour in jaundice and looks like meat washed water in renal disease.8. nadi (pulse): the confirmatory method recorded on the radial artery. Slide 43: Concept of Drugs In Siddha medicine the use of metals and minerals are more predominant in comparison to other Indian traditional medicine systems. In the usage of metals, minerals and other chemicals, this system was far more advanced than Ayurveda. Slide 44: Siddhar Nagarjuna introduced the use of mercury and its compounds to the Ayurvedic system in later periods. The use of more metals and chemicals was justified by the fact that to preserve the body from decomposing materials that do not decompose easily should be used. The other reason perhaps was that the south Indian rivers were not perennial and herbs were not available all through the year. Slide 45: The drugs used by the Siddhars could be classified into three groups: thavaram (herbal product), thathu (inorganic substances) and jangamam (animal products). The thathu drugs are further classified as uppu (water soluble inorganic substances or drugs that give out vapour when put into fire), pashanam (drugs not dissolved in water but emit vapour when fired), uparasam (similar to pashanam but differ in action), loham (not dissolved in water but melt when fired), rasam (drugs which are soft) and ghandhagam (drugs which are insoluble in water, like sulphor). Slide 46: In herbal drugs, the Siddhars not only used herbs, which grow in the surrounding areas, but also herbs that grow in high altitudes of Himalayas. It is noteworthy that Siddhar Korakkar was the first to introduce Cannabis as a medicine; he used it as a powerful painkiller. They also used animal products as medicine, for example in mental diseases, peranda bhasma is used which is made of human skull bones and the skulls of dogs. Slide 47: The drugs used in Siddha medicine were classified on the basis of five properties: suvai (taste), guna (character), veerya (potency), pirivu (class) and mahimai (action). According to their mode of application the Siddha medicine could be categorized into two classes: (1) internal medicine and (2) external medicine. Slide 48: Internal medicine was used through the oral route and further classified in to 32 categories based on their form, methods of preparation, shelf life, etc. External medicine includes certain forms of drugs and also certain applications like nasal, eye and ear drops and also certain procedures like leech application. Slide 49: According to their pharmaceutical preparations, Siddha medicine could be categorized into: Kudineer churanam (decoction powder): It is a fine powder of drugs. Chendooram: It is a red colour powder generally made of metallic compounds. Chunnam: It is alkaline in nature. Kalangu: It is based on mercury. Slide 50: Karpams: It could be herbal or non-herbal in nature, made on a daily basis. Karruppu: Mercury and sulphur are essentially present and its colour is dark black. Legiyams and rasayanams: It contains ghee, honey and sugar, apart from herbal powder and juices. Mathirai and vadagam: It is pills prepared from fine powdered paste. Slide 51: Maappagu: It is flavoured medicinal syrup and contains generally aromatic herbs, honey and sugar. Mezhugu, kuzhambu, kalimbu and mai: All of these categories have a waxy feel. Ney: It is medicated ghee, which contains fat-soluble plant substances. Pakkuvam and theenooral: It is herbal medicine with honey. Parpam: It is prepared by the process of calcination. Patangam: It contains mercury, camphor, etc. Thailam: It is medicated oil; usually sesame seed oil, coconut oil, castor oil, etc are used in its preparation. Theeneer: It is distilled essence, which contains volatile constituents of the drugs. Slide 52: Concept of Disease and Cause When the normal equilibrium of three humors (vatha, pitha and kapha) is disturbed, disease is caused. The factors, which affect this equilibrium are environment, climatic conditions, diet, physical activities, and stress. Under normal conditions, the ratio between these three humors (vatha, pitha and kapha) is 4:2:1 respectively. Slide 53: According to the Siddha medicine system diet and life style play a major role not only in health but also in curing diseases. This concept of the Siddha medicine is termed as pathya and apathya, which is essentially a list of do's and dont's.