survey

S U R V E Y : 

S U R V E Y Shruti Murthy

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Survey- An Introduction & Objectives

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Latin: sur (over), videre (to see) a careful general or comprehensive view of anything ( v.) A detailed inspection or investigation ( n.) Specifically investigations about populations To define … Survey - any kind of observational/non-experimental investigation involving systematic collection of information. Introduction

ESSENTIALLY, a survey is…: 

Observational study of any kind Brief operation/ long term surveillance / repeated interviews or examinations Concerned with groups/populations Basic tool of research in a community Can be: For a particular end-result, e.g. a prevalence survey, By the use of a particular method, e.g. aerial survey, Combination, e.g. seroepidemiological . ESSENTIALLY, a survey is…

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Objectives Planning & Evaluation of health programs Efficiency & Effectiveness of health program Accurate,Standardized information about disease/health problem New information about disease/health problem

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Classification of Surveys Surveys- An Introduction & Objectives

Classification: 

Classification Surveys differ : Purpose Coverage/scope Method of administration Objectives Time Dimension (longitudinal or cross-sectional)

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Classification … Purpose Descriptive Analytic Group-based Individual-based Cross-sectional Longitudinal E.g.: morbidity surveys household survey Ecological Trend Cross-sectional Case-control Cohort

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Census Sample -Tangible -Intangible -Tangible -Intangible National Sample Survey for TB 1958 - ICMR Population Census, Entire population of a school Attitudes of parents of same school Public opinion Polls Pilot Survey At Risk Survey Large Scale Survey, Complicated design Classification … Scope For high risk groups

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Opinion Poll Survey - views of community on specific topic Morbidity Survey – quantum of disease (Baseline & Evaluation) Descriptive & Analytical Surveys Nutritional Survey- nutritional status of a community Entomological Survey- vectors of diseases- (type & role) Feasibility Survey- acceptability of new food/ test/ programme KAP Survey , Evaluative Survey , etc Classification… Objectives

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Classification… Method of Administration Written Electronic - mail - public computers - Mail -Drop off Oral -group interview -phone survey -Group-administered - Website

Health Survey: Examples: 

Health Survey: Examples Demographic & Health Surveys- Standard & Interim Others- KAP, Panel, Benchmark, Specialized, Biomarker Key Indicator Surveys- family planning, maternal health, child health, HIV/AIDS, and infectious diseases. Specific Indicator Surveys- HIV, Malaria, etc. Service Provision Assessment

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Survey Method Classification of Surveys Surveys- An Introduction & Objectives

Survey Method: 

Survey Method Designing Surveys Conducting Surveys Analyzing Survey Results Reporting Survey Results

Survey Method… Designing the survey: 

Survey Method… Designing the survey Reliability & validity Once designed, almost impossible to change Factors : Population Sampling Survey tool & research question-logical link Question Bias Administrative

Survey Method… Conducting the survey: 

Survey Method… Conducting the survey How to conduct- administering the tool Factors : Convenient time Time frame Method of administration of the survey tool

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Survey Tools Written Electronic - mail - public computers - Mail -Drop off Oral -group interview -phone survey -Group-administered - Website

Survey Method… Analyzing the survey results: 

Survey Method… Analyzing the survey results Processing Regular editing Charts & graphs Analyzing T-test, matched T-test, correlation, ANOVA, etc

Survey Method… Reporting the survey results: 

Survey Method… Reporting the survey results No established format Formal report- synopsis Informal- In conferences/ seminars/ departmental meetings Visual representation of results

Stages of a survey: 

Stages of a survey Formulate the objectives 2. Planning & Execution of methods : The Study Population (whom?) Define & Select Representative Sample Size Variables (what characteristics to measure?) Select & Define Scales of measurement Data Collection Direct observation/ documentary resources/ interviews/ questionnaires Detailed procedures & questions? Data Recording & Processing A nalysis Plan, techniques for recording and processing

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Data Collection Tools Survey Method Classification of Surveys Surveys- An Introduction & Objectives

Data Collection Tools: 

Data Collection Tools Observation Interviews Self administered questionnaires Documentary sources Combination of the above PRIMARY DATA! SECONDARY DATA!

Data collection tools… OBSERVATION : 

Data collection tools… OBSERVATION Use of techniques using Simple visual observation special observation: clinical examination, biochemical/microbiological observations, etc. Structured or unstructured Systematic Investigator knows What to observe How to record Less systematic Investigator merely observes e.g.:socio -cultural studies

Data collection tools… QUESTIONNAIRE : 

‘A tool for data collection with predetermined questions to be filled in by respondent.’ Used when Many people, & scattered Additional data gathering Self-administered/ schedule Mailed/ computer-assisted/ electronic Open ended/ close ended Data collection tools… QUESTIONNAIRE

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Some close ended questionnaires : Dichotomous questions MCQ Double barrel questions Cafeteria questions Rank order questions Rating questions – e.g. scale of 0-10 Calendar questions Filter questions

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Some close ended questionnaires :

Data collection tools… INTERVIEW : 

‘ a conversation between interviewers and interviewees with the purpose of eliciting certain information.’ Exchange ideas, elicit information about a wide area Face-to-face / Phone /Computer-assisted Structured or unstructured Video, audio recording, response sheet, unstructured notes Data collection tools… INTERVIEW

Consensus method: 

Consensus method Survey opinions of a panel In-between IDI & FGD Nominal Group Technique- silent generation of ideas in writing, round-robin feedback of ideas, Serial discussion & vote, discussion of vote , final vote Delphi Method Discussion in specific phases only

Delphi Technique: 

Delphi Technique “Project Delphi”- cold war Accurate information doesn’t exist/ impossible to get economically Typically Consists of : family of techniques An expert panel; a series of rounds in which information is collected from panellists, analysed and fed back to them as the basis for subsequent rounds; an opportunity for individuals to revise their judgments on the basis of this feedback; some degree of anonymity for their individual contributions.

Documentary Sources: 

Documentary Sources Clinical records Medical Audit- normative / empirical standards Hospital Statistics Death Certificates & Mortality Statistics Notifications- notifiable diseases Registers-people with specific disorders Health diaries & Calendars- patient diaries Census data Others- medical certificates, sick-absence records, medical insurance records, police records, school records, etc.

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Data Collection Tools Survey Method Classification of Surveys Surveys- An Introduction & Objectives Strengths & Weaknesses

Strengths: 

Strengths Relatively inexpensive (especially self-administered surveys) Describe the characteristics of a large population Administered from remote locations Very large samples are feasible- statistically significant results Many questions can be asked about a given topic Standardized questions-measurement more precise Standardization -similar data can be collected from groups High reliability easy to obtain

Weaknesses: 

Weaknesses Standardization- questions general enough to be minimally appropriate for all respondents, possibly missing what is most appropriate to many respondents. Inflexible Large response to be ensured Information bias

Reliability & Validity: 

Reliability & Validity Less valid, more reliable Less valid Only approximate indicators of real feelings (close-ended) - Even less in electronic surveys More reliable - standardized formats

Ethics & Response Rates: 

Ethics & Response Rates Ethics in e-surveys Issue of concern Confidentiality vs. anonymity Sample representativeness Inference- who answers for whom? Response rates- gradually dropping

Slide 40: 

Data Collection Tools Survey Method Selection Classification of Surveys Surveys- An Introduction & Objectives Strengths & Weaknesses Summary

Summary: 

Describe what a survey is and the various stages of the process Differentiate between various types of survey methodologies Identify an appropriate target audience to sample Identify the most common mistakes in survey design to improve your results Recognize the importance of pre-testing surveys Review the process for launching a survey Recognize the major steps to follow to summarize survey information Summary

Thank You!: 

Thank You !

References: 

http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/survey.php http://www.wou.edu/~gatimum/ed512/Ed%20512%20Descriptive%20or%20survey%20research.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Samuel_Coleman http://www.scribd.com/doc/27561573/A-Descriptive-Survey http://www.answers.com/topic/survey http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/survey References

Survey method selection… Population Issues: 

Survey method selection… Population Issues Can the population be enumerated? E.g. homeless- telephone/mail surveys- impossible Is the population literate? Adult illiteracy/very young- questionnaires ruled out Are there language issues? multiple versions Will the population cooperate? immigrants/ HIV What are the geographic restrictions? Widely dispersed- personal visits impossible

Survey method selection… Sampling Issues: 

Survey method selection… Sampling Issues Contact Information available about sample Who are the respondents? Can they be found? Busy/travelling/ night shifts Can all members of population be sampled? Incomplete sampling frame/migration Are response rates likely to be a problem? Most difficult problems

Survey method selection… Question Issues: 

Survey method selection… Question Issues What types of questions can be asked? Open/closed ended questionnaires? Personal questions? How complex will the questions be? sub branches Will screening questions be needed? Can question sequence be controlled? Anticipating follow up questions ? Is a sequence impossible to predict? Will lengthy questions be asked? Can you expect a subject to sit long enough for a phone interview? Will long response scales be used? Multiple choices in phone interviews?!

Survey method selection… Content Issues: 

Survey method selection… Content Issues Can the respondents be expected to know about the issue? Not updated with news/ newspaper/ TV?! Will respondent need to consult records? If yes- inconvenient & uncomfortable for the interview/interviewer? 8/10/2011 Surveys- Selecting the survey method

Survey method selection… Bias Issues: 

Survey method selection… Bias Issues Can social desirability be avoided? ‘ looking good’ in other’s eyes! Can interviewer distortion and subversion be controlled? Interviewer’s preconceptions/ beliefs Can false respondents be avoided? Written mail/electronic survey tools 8/10/2011 Surveys- Selecting the survey method

Survey method selection… Administrative Issues: 

Survey method selection… Administrative Issues Costs Facilities Time Personnel 8/10/2011 Surveys- Selecting the survey method