ip address

IP ADDRESS : 

IP ADDRESS

Address Management Today : 

Address Management Today IETF

The early years: 1981 – 1992 : 

The early years: 1981 – 1992

The boom years: 1992 – 2001 : 

The boom years: 1992 – 2001 “It has become clear that … these problems are likely to become critical within the next one to three years.” (RFC1366) “…it is [now] desirable to consider delegating the registration function to an organization in each of those geographic areas.” (RFC 1338) 1992:

Recent years: 2002 – 2009 : 

Recent years: 2002 – 2009

RIR (Regional Internet Registries : 

RIR (Regional Internet Registries A regional Internet registry (RIR) is an organization overseeing the allocation and registration of Internet Number resources within a particular region of the world. Resources include IP addresses. There are currently five RIRs in operation: American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) for North America and parts of the Caribbean RIPE Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) for Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) for Asia and the Pacific region Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC) for Latin America and parts of the Caribbean region African Network Information Centre (AfriNIC) for Africa

Slide 7: 

IP ADDRESS IPV6 IPV4

Slide 8: 

An IP address is a software address, not a hardware address consists of 32 bits of information. These bits are divided into four sections, referred to as octets or bytes, each containing 1 byte (8 bits). An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network. Bit A bit is one digit, either a 1 or a 0. Byte A byte is 7 or 8 bits, depending on whether parity is used. Octet An octet, made up of 8 bits, is just an ordinary 8-bit binary number. IPv4

Slide 9: 

The 32-bit IP address is a structured or hierarchical address, as opposed to a flat or nonhierarchical address. Although either type of addressing scheme could have been used, hierarchical addressing was chosen for a good reason. The advantage of this scheme is that it can handle a large number of addresses, namely 4.3 billion (a 32-bit address space with two possible values for each position—either 0 or 1—gives 4,294,967,296). The network address (which can also be called the network number) uniquely identifies each network. The host address is assigned to, and uniquely identifies, each machine on a network.

CLASSIFICATION : : 

CLASSIFICATION : Class-A : IP address scheme said that the first bit of the first byte in a Class A network address must always be off, or 0. This means a Class A address must be between 0 and127 in the first byte, inclusive. 0xxxxxxx If we turn the other 7 bits all off and then turn them all on, we’ll find the Class A range of network addresses: 00000000 = 0 to 01111111 = 127 0 and 127 are not valid in a Class A network. 0 is no fill in first octet and 127 is loop back ip

Slide 11: 

Class B : the first bit of the first byte must always be turned on but the second bit must always be turned off. I you turn the other 6 bits all off and then all on, you will find the range for a Class B network: 10000000 = 128 to 10111111 = 191 Class C : the first 2 bits of the first octet as always turned on, but the third bit can never be on. 11000000 = 192 to 11011111 = 223

Slide 12: 

Classes D and E : The addresses between 224 to 255 are reserved for Class D and E networks. Class D (224–239) is used for multicast addresses Class E (240–255) for scientific purposes . Reserved IP Addresses 1. 127.0.0.1 Reserved for loopback tests. It is used to test the IP stack on an individual node and cannot be used as a valid host address. 2.Network ID , when all host bits are zero(0) OFF 3.Broadcast ID , when all host bits are one (1) ON

Slide 13: 

Class A Addresses In a Class A network address, the first byte is assigned to the network address and the three remaining bytes are used for the node addresses. network.node.node.node Class A address has 3 bytes (24-bit positions) for the node address of a machine. the actual maximum usable number of nodes for a Class A network is 2 minus 2, which equals 16,777,214. Class B Addresses In a Class B network address, the first 2 bytes are assigned to the network address and the remaining 2 bytes are used for node addresses. network.network.node.node A Class B address uses 2 bytes for node addresses. This is 2 minus the two reserved patterns (all 0s and all 1s), for a total of 65,534 possible node addresses for each Class B network. 24 16

Slide 14: 

Class C Addresses The first 3 bytes of a Class C network address are dedicated to the network portion of the address, with only 1 measly byte remaining for the node address. network.network.network.node Class C network has 1 byte to use for node addresses. This leads to 2 or 256,minus the two reserved patterns of all 0s and all 1s, for a total of 254 node addresses for each Class C network. 8

Subnet Mask : 

Subnet Mask A subnet mask is a 32-bit value that allows the recipient of IP packets to distinguish the network ID portion of the IP address from the host ID portion of the IP address. A subnet mask separates the IP address into the network and host addresses. It is called a subnet mask because it is used to identify network address of an IP address by performing bitwise AND operation on the netmask. Class Format Default Subnet Mask A network.node.node.node 255.0.0.0 B network.network.node.node 255.255.0.0 C network.network.network.node 255.255.255.0

Slide 16: 

Classes of IP Addresses

public IP address : 

public IP address IP addresses that are visible to the public Public IP Addresses (also known as Static IP Addresses) In some cases, you do not want people to access your computer or you want to restrict certain individuals from accessing your computer or server Range : Class A (Netid.hostid.hostid.hostid) : 1.0.0.0    to 126.0.0.0Class B (Netid.Netid.hostid.hostid)    : 128.0.0.0 to 191.0.0.0Class C (Netid.Netid.Netid.hostid)    : 192.0.0.0 to 223.0.0.0Class D (Multicast)                            : 224.0.0.0 to 239.0.0.0Class E (For Research)                      : 240.0.0.0 to 255.0.0.0

private IP address : 

private IP address These addresses are not routable on the public Internet, but are meant for devices that reside behind a router or other Network Address Translation (NAT) device or proxy server. Using a private IP address will make your computer invisible to certain types of network attacks; however, you will not be able to easily establish your computer as a server. Private Intranet addresses cannot be sent over the Internet. If an Internet router receives a packet with either a source or destination address that is reserved, it will drop the packet.

Slide 19: 

The following three blocks of the IP address space for private networks is reserved. Class AClass A network IP address range = 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255For one Class A network:Subnet mask = 255.0.0.0Network address length = 8 bitComputer address length = 24 bit Host in one network = 16777216-2

Slide 20: 

Class BClass B network IP address range = 172.16.0.0 - 172.16.255.255Class B network IP address range = 172.17.0.0 - 172.17.255.255Class B network IP address range = 172.18.0.0 - 172.18.255.255 …....Class B network IP address range = 172.31.0.0 - 172.31.255.255For each of the 16 Class B networks:Subnet mask = 255.255.0.0Network address length = 16 bitComputer address length = 16 bit Class CClass C network IP address range = 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.0.255Class C network IP address range = 192.168.1.0 - 192.168.1.255Class C network IP address range = 192.168.2.0 - 192.168.2.255...Class C network IP address range = 192.168.255.0 - 192.168.255.255For each of the 256 Class C networks:Subnet mask = 255.255.255.0Network address = 24 bitComputer address = 8 bit