Semantic pp2

CHAPTER 6 TRANSITION AND TRANSFER PREDICATES: 

CHAPTER 6 TRANSITION AND TRANSFER PREDICATES Presented by Istiqomah Iksan Cahyana Ikhfi Imaniah

Transition: 

Transition Transition predicates are verbs which express the going or coming from one place to another. The predicates have a valency of three or more. Examples: The bus goes from Greenville to Stratford. Carlo came to this country from Italy.

Transition: 

Transition Explanation: The bus goes from Greenville to Stratford. Argument 1 Predicate Argument 2 Argument 3 theme action source goal The sentence above tells the movement of an inanimate object from one place: the source to another place; the goal.

Transition: 

Transition Explanation: Carlo came to this country from Italy. Argument 1 Predicate Argument 2 Argument 3 actor action goal source The above sentence tells the movement of animate object from one place: the source to another place: the goal.

Transition: 

Transition From The source To The goal Examples: The bus goes from Greenville to Stratford. Carlo came to this country from Italy

Transition: 

Transition To is used to express the notion that the goal is simply a location. Examples: The bus goes from Greenville to Stratford. 2. Carlo came to this country from Italy. Into is used to express the notion that the goal is an area which contains. Examples: He emerged from the dark cellar into the bright sunlight. He plunged from the bright sunlight into the dark cellar.

Transition: 

Transition A sentence may express a path, a place or area between the source and the goal. Examples: The bus goes from Greenville to Stratford by way of theme source goal Compton . path The boat drifted over the water from one place theme path source to another . goal

Transition: 

Transition The path is indicated by several prepositions: via, by way of, through, across or over . The theme or actor NP is subject of the sentence. To generalize sentences with transition verbs have this argument structure: transition verb theme or actor source goal path

Transition: 

Transition Movement through space requires time. Example: The bus goes from Greenville to Stratford. Greenville (source) Time 0 Stratford (goal) Time +

Transition: 

Transition The bus goes from Greenville to Stratford by way of Compton. Compton Stratford (goal) Time + Greenville (source) Time 0

Transition: 

Transition Pay attention to the sentences below!!!!! The road goes from Greenville to Stratford by way Compton. The driveway extends from the street to the garage. Curtains hung almost from the ceiling to the floor.

Transition: 

Transition In those sentences from and to introduce source and goal, respectively, but the road, driveway and curtains do not move from one to another, and so there is no Time Zero or Time Plus . The verbs extend , hang, spread are verbs of spatial extension. The predicates go, extend, and hang are verbs of pseudo-transition. The time frame for a predicate like extend is: extend Time Theme at Source and Goal

Transition: 

Transition Harrison returned to his hometown from the big city. What about this sentence?

Transition: 

Transition In this sentence three times are implied: which is earlier than Time Zero, Harrison was in his hometown, at Time Zero he was in the big city, and at Time Plus he was again in his hometown. Time- Theme at Goal return Time 0 Theme at Source Time + Theme at Goal

Transition: 

Transition Common transition predicates Unmarked: move Focus on Goal: get [general] come [goal is where speaker or addressee is or will be] go [goal is away from speaker] Focus on Manner: creep [animate subject; slow movement over a surface] rotate [wheel or globe; turn on an axis] gallop [subject is a horse or on in a horse, moving at the fastest gait] Focus on Path: drift [effortless movement in moving water]

Transition: 

Transition Common transition predicates (con) Focus on Path: float [seemingly effortless movement in water on air] fall [source is higher than goal; involuntary movement] Focus on Cause or Purpose escape [source is undesirable place] emigrate [as above; source-oriented] immigrate [as above; goal-oriented]

Transfer: 

Transfer Transfer verbs are the causative equivalent of the transition verbs. Examples: Fenwick drives the bus from Greenville to Stratford. (Fenwick causes the bus to go…) Jane rowed the boat from one side of the river to the other. (Jane caused the boat to move…).

Transfer: 

Transfer Transfer includes: Putting and removing Squirrels are stashing nuts in that oak tree. Thieves stole some money from the cash box. Giving and taking away Ronnie gave Rosie some flowers. The accident deprived Alex of his livelihood. Communicating something through language Mother told the children a story. Agnes is writing her mother letter.

Transfer: 

Transfer Study the following sentences. 1. Fenwick drives a bus from Greenville to Stratford by way of Compton. Agent theme source goal path 2. The King banished the rebels from his realm (to another land). Agent affected source goal

Transfer: 

Transfer The verb drive in sentence 1 is a predicate of transition, and this sentence has a causative meaning; Fenwick causes the bus to go from Greenville and of course he moves with the bus. Sentence 2 has the same role structure as sentence 1 but the King does not move with the rebels. Thus the two verbs can be distinguished. Drive can cause agent move while banish cannot.

Transfer: 

Transfer These are shown on the timescales below: drive Time + Agent and Time at Goal Time 0 Agent and Theme at Source Time + Theme at Goal Time 0 Theme at Source banish

Transfer: 

Transfer Verbs expressing acts that change location of both Agent and theme are the following: Unmarked: move Focus on Manner: drive [object=vehicle and subject=driver; or object=animal(s) and subject is behind the animal(s) convey [unmarked] haul [transfer in vehicle suggested] drag [subject moves object over a surface, object is inert] Focus on Goal bring [goal is the location of speaker, not necessarily at time of speaking] take [goal is not location of the speaker]

Transfer: 

Transfer Acts that change location of both Agent and Theme are the following: (con) Focus on Aspect (involving some relation of time): restore [object was previously at goal]

Transfer: 

Transfer Verbs expressing acts that change location of theme are as the following: Focus on Goal push [object is moved away from original position of agent] pull [object is moved toward agent] Focus on Source expel [agent=person of authority in source] evict [as above; source is dwelling, affected is a tenant] Focus on Path throw [object moves through air] lift [vertical movement upward] raise [vertical movement upward or into upright position] drop [vertical movement down; may be involuntary] lower [as above; voluntary]

Transfer: 

Transfer Study the following sentences. We spread a red carpet from the sidewalk to the door. The court restored the property to its lawful owner (from one who was not the lawful owner).

Transfer: 

Transfer In sentence 1 to spread something is to cause it to be simultaneously at Place X and Place Y, the Source and the Goal. In sentence 2 to restore something is to cause it to be in the same place or possession at Time Plus as it was at Time Minus at as it was at Time Zero. The timescale is as follows: restore Time + Theme at Goal Time 0 Theme at Source Time – Theme at Goal

Transfer: 

Transfer With certain verbs the expression of the goals is all-important and the source is not important or specified. Examples: The guard admitted us to the museum. Nectar attracts bees to flowers. The judge sentence the convicted man to jail.

Transfer: 

Transfer With some verbs-give, award and bequeath are examples- form is missing because the source appears as subject . Examples: The team gave a present to Harry (gave Harry a present). Our school awarded the trophy to Millie (awarded Millie the trophy). Mrs Carson bequeathed her fortune to her servants.

Transfer: 

Transfer The argument structure for the verb give is illustrated as follows: give agent=source theme goal

Transfer: 

Transfer The verbs as predicates with Theme to Goal or Goal Theme are: Give [most common, least marked] Award [the object is a prize] Bequeath [the source is typically, but not necessarily, deceased, cf , inherit, below] Bestow [the source is the person of higher social position than the goal] Contribute[the source is one of several donors] Donate [the transfer is considered a worthy action] Entrust [the change is temporary] Grant [the source is a person of authority] Hand [the act is physical, the object is relatively small]

Transfer: 

Transfer The verbs as predicates with Theme to Goal or Goal Theme are: (con) Lend [the change is temporary; cf. borrow, below] Lose [the change results from competition between source and goal] Sell [money is involved in the act; cf. buy, below] Submit [the goal is a person of authority; cf. grant, above]

Transfer: 

Transfer Read the sentences below! Harry received a present from the team. Millie accepted the trophy from our school. Mrs Carson’s servants will inherit a fortune from her.

Transfer: 

Transfer The verbs in the above sentences are the converse of those in the previous example (give, award, bequeath). Here the word to is missing because the subject names the goal ; Harry, Millie and Mrs Carson’s servants. The argument structure of the verb receive is as the following: receive goal theme source

Transfer: 

Transfer Time frame: Time 0, theme at source; Time +, theme at goal. Goal NP is subject, theme NP is object of the verb and the source NP is introduced by from . Typical verbs that fit here are: Get [least marked] Take [the action may be legitimate or not; that is , can be equivalent to accept or to steal] Accept [the action is legitimate] Acquire [the circumstances of the action are vague] Borrow [the change is temporary; cf. lend] Collect [the object is plural or non-countable, or the act is habitual, the act is distributed] Inherit [the source is typically, but not necessarily, deceased] Obtain [the action is the result of effort by the goal] Receive [the act results from the kindness of the source] Steal [illegal act]

Transfer: 

Transfer I also have a sentence for you. Check it out! This gift is for you from your fellow team members.

Transfer: 

Transfer If there is no verb-only forms of be- for introduces the goal. In other words, the preposition for acts as a sort of transfer predicate. for theme goal source

Transfer: 

Transfer Predicates such as march and walk occur with meanings of transitions (1,3) and meanings of transfer (2,4). The platoon marched to the parade-ground. The sergeant marched the platoon to the parade- ground. Laura walked home. Fred walked Laura home.

Transfer: 

Transfer The argument structures are as follows: Sentence 1 and 3 march, walk actor goal platoon parade-ground Laura home

Transfer: 

Transfer Argument structure con… Sentence 2 and 4. march, walk agent actor goal sergeant platoon parade-ground Fred Laura home

Transfer: 

Transfer Some transfer predicates undergo interesting changes in the way the accompanying arguments are presented. Compare load and pack in the following. We loaded lumber on (to) the truck. We loaded the truck with lumber. I packed some notes in (to) my briefcase. I packed my briefcase with some notes.

Transfer: 

Transfer Sentence 1 and 3 tell of putting something in a place; that something is affected by the action. actor action affected place We load lumber truck I pack notes briefcase

Transfer: 

Transfer Sentence 2 and 4 seem to express the affecting of a place, and the objects in question are the means of affecting. actor action affected means We load truck lumber 4 I pack briefcase notes

PowerPoint Presentation: 

THANK YOU