Bisphenol A and male infertility

비스페놀 A가 정자에 미치는 영향: 

비스페놀 A 가 정자에 미치는 영향 미즈메디 병원 비뇨기과 이재석 M.D

Why are people concerned about BPA?: 

Why are people concerned about BPA? People, including children, are exposed to BPA when it leaches from the coatings of canned foods and from plastic products, with the highest estimated daily intakes of BPA occurring in infants and children. 93% of urine samples from people 6 years of age and older have detectable levels of BPA ( 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ) Evidence from animal studies indicates BPA may cause adverse effects such as obesity, behavioral changes, diabetes, early onset puberty, asthma, cardiovascular diseases, reproductive disorders , development of prostate, breast and uterine cancer , and transgenerational or epigenetic effects. Researchers remain uncertain about human health problems from BPA exposure

Timeline: BPA from Invention to Phase-Out : 

Timeline: BPA from Invention to Phase-Out

1891: BPA is invented by Aleksandr P. Dianin : 

1891: BPA is invented by Aleksandr P. Dianin

1930’s: First evidence of BPA toxicity: 

1930’s: First evidence of BPA toxicity Molecular Structure in Relation to Oestrogenic Activity. Compounds without a Phenanthrene Nucleus. E. C. Dodds and W. Lawson Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences Vol. 125, No. 839 (Apr. 27, 1938), pp. 222-232

1982: Government assessment of BPA toxicity holds no regulatory weight: 

1982: Government assessment of BPA toxicity holds no regulatory weight The National Toxicology Program determines that the lowest adverse effect level (LOAEL) for BPA in laboratory animals is 1,000 parts per million (ppm), equivalent to 50 milligrams of BPA per kilogram of body weight per day ( 50 m g/kg/d )

1988: EPA's safety standard for BPA is up to 25 times higher than harmful levels: 

1988: EPA's safety standard for BPA is up to 25 times higher than harmful levels The " safe" exposure level established by EPA, at 50 micrograms of BPA per kilogram of body weight per day ( 50 u g/kg/d ), is 1,000 times lower than amounts found to affect the growth of animals in high-dose industry studies.

April 16, 2008: NTP releases its own determination of BPA toxicity, for the first time raising substantial concerns about BPA risk to human development: 

April 16, 2008: NTP releases its own determination of BPA toxicity, for the first time raising substantial concerns about BPA risk to human development The draft is a dramatic departure from the advisory panel's findings, raising concerns for BPA's links to early puberty , breast cancer , prostate effects, and behavioral problems .

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03 Sep 2008: NTP Finalizes Report on Bisphenol A

January 14, 2010: FDA joins other health agencies to express "some concern" over BPA safety: 

January 14, 2010: FDA joins other health agencies to express "some concern" over BPA safety

Impact on semen?: 

Impact on semen? 15. Reproductive toxicology. Bisphenol A. Environ Health Perspect 105(suppl 1):273-274 (1997). 16. Nagel SC, vom Saal FS, Thayer KA, Dhar MG, Boechler M, Welshons WV. Relative binding affinity-serum modified access (RBA-SMA) assay predicts the relative in vivo bioactivity of the xenoestrogens bisphenol A and octylphenol. Environ Health Perspect 105:70-76 (1997). 17. vom Saal FS, Cooke PS, Buchanan DL, Palanza P, Thayer KA, Nagel SC, Parmigiani S, Welshons WV. A physiologically based approach to the study of bisphenol A and other estrogenic chemicals on the size of reproductive organs, daily sperm production, and behavior. Toxicol Ind Health 14:239-260 (1998). 18. Sharpe RM, Majdic G, Fisher J, Parte P, Millar MR, Saunders PTK. (1996). Effects on testicular development and function [Abstract]. In: Program and Abstracts of the 10th International Congress of Endocrinology, 12-15 June 1996, San Francisco, CA. Bethesda, MD:Endocrine Society Press, 1996;39. vs. 19. Cagen SZ, Waechter JM Jr, Dimond SS, Breslin WJ, Butala JH, Jekat FW, Joiner RL, Shiotsuka RN, Veenstra GE, Harris LR. Normal reproductive organ development in Wistar rats exposed to bisphenol A in drinking water. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 30:130-139 (1999). 20. Cagen SZ, Waechter JM Jr, Dimond SS, Breslin WJ, Butala JH, Jekat FW, Joiner RL, Shiotsuka RN, Veenstra GE, Harris LR. Normal reproductive organ development in CF-1 mice following prenatal exposure to bisphenol A. Toxicol Sci 50:36-44 (1999).

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Changes in sperm count Carlsen et al(1992) reported on declining sperm concentration in normal men over the past 50 years

How significant are environmental factor?: 

How significant are environmental factor? Humans have not only been exposed to endocrine disruptors, they rather have had a tremendous change in their lifestyle during the past 50 years. Even if there has been a deterioration of overall semen quality, it is not necessarily because of endocrine disruptors . In farm animals such as bulls, boars and sheep, no decline of sperm counts was shown between 1932 and 1995 (Setchell, 1997)

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Life style impact fertility ?

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What is normal?

PowerPoint Presentation: 

What is normal? Normal

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Even though we included workers with high BPA exposure (i.e., those with BPA exposure in the workplace), the median urine BPA level in this group ( 38.7 mg/L ) remained almost 70 times below the currently accepted tolerable daily intake and reference dose ( 2,687.5 mg/L, the urine level corresponding to the 0.05 mg/kg/day reference dose) set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2007) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA, 2007).

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Changes in bisphenol A concentrations in maternal blood, liver, and kidney over 10-120 min and 0-48 hr after a single oral administration of 1 g/kg bisphenol A to pregnant rats Takahashi et al. Disposition of Orally Administered 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (Bisphenol A) in Pregnant Rats and the Placental Transfer to Fetuses Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 108, Number 10, October 2000

Bisphenol A and anti-oxidants: 

Bisphenol A and anti-oxidants