Implnatable drug delivery: Hussain quadri

Slide 1: 

Presented by : S Hussain Quadri Roll NO: 109F1S0307 Under the guidance of Mohd Abdul Bari Head of the department pharmaceutics Lalitha college of pharmacy Venkatpur Ghatkesar R.R Dist Implantable Therapeutic System

Contents: 

Contents What is implant Introduction Historical development Types of implant Medical miscellaneous Therapeutics implants Conclusion References

What is implant?: 

What is implant? As per Medical Terminology To insert or graft (a tissue, organ, or inert substance) into the  body. Any device or material, especially of an inert substance, used for repairing or replacing part of the body

Introduction: 

Introduction Implantable drug delivery systems are placed completely under the skin — usually in a convenient but inconspicuous location. The patient is aware of only a small bump under the skin. designed to transmit drugs and fluids into the bloodstream without the repeated insertion of needles. well suited to the drug delivery requirements of insulin, steroids, chemotherapeutics, antibiotics, analgesics, total parenteral nutrition, and heparin There is little chance of infection or interference with daily activities Because the device is completely subcutaneous, with no opening in the skin

Historical Development: 

Historical Development Lafarge pioneered, in 1861 ,the concept of implantable therapeutics system for long term, continuous drug administration with the development of a subcutaneously implantable drug pellet. This technique was rediscovered in 1936 by Deansy and Parkes Evaluation of capsule shape silicon elastomer for release of thyroid hormone by Dr Long in U.S Naval medical research center Finally in 1969 Dzuik and Cook reported the many steroidal hormone penetrate readily through silicon polymer

Types of Implant: 

Types of Implant Therapeutics implants Medical Miscellaneous implants\surgical implants Electrically powered implant Bio implant Dental implant Orthopedics implant Retinal implant{eye} Brian implant Cochlear implant{ear} Contraceptive implant Bio artificial Muscle implant Membrane permeation-controlled drug delivery Ex :pregestasert, ocusert Matrix diffusion controlled Ex :Contraceptives vaginal ring, syncromate-B implant, compudose Microreservoir dissolution controlled Ex :Dual ring vaginal contraceptives rings Syncromate-C implant Controlled release by activation Osmotic pressure, Magnetism activated Vapor pressure, ultrasound activated Hydrolysis activated

Electrically Powered Implant: 

Electrically Powered Implant Active implants require electricity for their operation. Artificial pacemaker is an example of such devices that is used for treatment of Bradycardia in which the heart beats too slowly. Pacemakers can help raise the heart beat to a more normal rate through electrical stimulation of heart. Active implants could be powered up using batteries, transcutaneous energy transmission

Bio Implant: 

Bio Implant A bio-implant may be defined as a biomaterial surgically implanted in a person's body to replace damaged tissue. Common areas of application include orthopedic (especially maxillofacial) re-constructive prosthesis, cardiac prostheses

Dental Implant: 

Dental Implant A dental implant is a "root" device, usually made of titanium, used in dentistry to support restorations that resemble a tooth or group of teeth to replace missing teeth. root-form endosseous implants , i.e they appear similar to an actual tooth root.

Orthopedics Implant: 

Orthopedics Implant Orthopedics implants may refer to devices that are placed over or within bones to hold a Fracture, Reduction :a medical procedure to restore a fracture or dislocation to the correct alignment

Retinal implant: 

Retinal implant The implant is meant to partially restore useful vision to people who have lost theirs due to degenerative eye conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa or macular degeneration. Epiretinal Implants (on the retina) and Subretinal Implants (behind the retina).

Brain implant: 

Brain implant Brain implants , often referred to as neural implants , are technological devices that connect directly to a biological subject's brain. usually placed on the surface of the brain, or attached to the brain's cortex. A common purpose of modern brain implants and the focus of much current research is establishing a biomedical prosthesis circumventing areas in the brain that have become dysfunctional after a stroke or other head injuries.

Cochlear Implant: 

Cochlear Implant A cochlear implant (CI) is a surgically implanted electronic device that provides a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or severely hard of hearing The cochlear implant is often referred to as a bionic ear .

Contraceptive Implant: 

Contraceptive Implant A contraceptive implant is a birth control device inserted under the skin. Brands include Norplant is a form of birth control developed by the Population Council that was first approved in 1983 in Finland where it was manufactured by Leiras Oy Pharmaceuticals. The original Norplant consisted of a set of six small (2.4 mm × 34 mm) silicone capsules, each filled with 36 mg of levonorgestrel implanted subdermally in the upper arm and effective for five years.

Sino Implant: 

Sino Implant The implant is composed of two thin, flexible silicone rods, each containing 75 mg levonorgestrel (a synthetic progestin) and is currently labeled for four years of use. It is manufactured by shanghai Pharma china.

implanon: 

implanon Implanon , made by Organon International Netherland is a single-rod long acting reversible hormonal contraceptive subdermal implant that is inserted just under the skin of a woman's upper arm. The 4 cm by 2 mm Implanon rod contains 68 milligrams of levonogestrel (a progestin) which is released over a three year period

Nexplanon: 

Nexplanon Nexplanon is a contraceptive implant that consists of a single, small, white to off-white, flexible rod that is inserted just under the skin on the inside of the upper arm. The implant is approximately 40 mm long and 2 mm wide (about the same size as a hairgrip or a matchstick). Releases progesterone 68mg for 3 years.

BioArtificail Muscle Implant : 

BioArtificail Muscle Implant BioArtificial Muscle (BAM) implants are retrievable drug delivery devices for the long-term delivery of therapeutic proteins. In this technology, muscle precursor cells, myoblasts, are genetically engineered to secrete pharmacological levels of therapeutic proteins. The cells are then fabricated into three-dimensional muscle like structures, which can be implanted

Membrane permeation controlled drug delivery : 

Membrane permeation controlled drug delivery In this type of preprogrammed drug delivery system, a drug formulation is totally or partially encapsulated within a drug reservoir compartment. Its drug release surface is covered by a rate controlling polymeric membrane having specific permeability The rate of drug release Q/t from this polymer membrane-controlled drug delivery system should b constant value and is defined by: K= partition coefficients D=diffusion coefficients h=thickness C=drug concentration in reservoir drug reservoir polymeric membrane Drug contained in a formulation

Types of membrane permeation implants: 

Types of membrane permeation implants Progestasert IUD In this device the drug reservoir which is a suspension of progesterone crystal in liquid silicon polymer, is encapsulated in a T- shaped intrauterine device. enclosed by a non-porouse membrane of ehtylene-vinyle acetate copolymer. It is engineered to release 65mcg/day of progesterone locally in the uterine cavity to achieve contraception for one year.

Ocusert system: 

Ocusert system Ocusert system In this device, the solid drug reservoir, which is a thin disc of pilocapine alginate,is sandwiched between two transparent sheets of microporous membrane. Fabricated from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. It is designed to permit the tear fluid to penetrate the micoporous membrane, to dissolve and carry out pilocarpine at constant rate of 20 to 40 mcg/hr for weekly management of glaucoma.

Matrix diffusion controlled drug delivery: 

Matrix diffusion controlled drug delivery In this type of preprogrammed drug delivery system the drug reservoir is prepared by homogenously dispensing in a rate controlling polymer matrix fabricated from either a lipophillic or a hydrophilic polymer. The rate of drug release from this polymer matrix diffusion controlled drug delivery system is time dependent and is defined at steady state by: A=initial drug loading C=drug solubility D=diffusivity

Drug release from matrix diffusion system : 

Drug release from matrix diffusion system Drug release Drug release Drug depleted zone Gel layer Drug reservoir{dispersion} Lipophillic polymer Non swollable matrix Hydrophilic polymer Swollable matrix

Contraceptive vaginal ring: 

Contraceptive vaginal ring It is fabricated by dispersing a contraceptive steroid eg: medroxyprogesterone acetate, as a micronized solid particle in a viscous mixture of silicon elastomer. Mould to form donut shaped vaginal ring. It is design to achieve a constant plasma progestin level for 21 days

Syncromate B Implat: 

Syncromate B Implat It is fabricated by dissolving norgestomet crystal in an alcoholic solution of ehtylene glycomethacrylate to form a cylinder shaped insoluble Hydron implant. This tiny subdermal implant is engineered to be inserted into the subcutaneous tissue, using a specially designed implanter. It release norgestomet at a rate of 504mcg/cm2/day up to 16 days for estrus control and synchronization in livestock.

Compudose implant: 

Compudose implant It is fabricated by dispersing micronized estradiol crystal in a viscous mixture of silicon elastomer around rigid silicon rod by extrusion techniques to form a cylinder shaped implant. This sub dermal implant is designed for subcutaneous ear implantation in steers for 200-400days. It release a controlled quantity of estradiol for growth promotion

Microreservoir dissolution controlled drug delivery : 

Microreservoir dissolution controlled drug delivery In this type of preprogrammed drug delivery system the drug reservoir is fabricated by microdispertion of an aqueous suspension of drug using high energy dispersion technique. Fabricated in a bio compatible polymer such as a silicon elastomer to form a homogenous dispersion of many discrete unleachable microscopic drug reservoir. m= a/b a=conc at bulk solution b=conc at outer edge k= partition coefficient D= diffusivity h= thickness

Syncromet C implant: 

Syncromet C implant It is fabricated by dispersing the drug reservoir which is a suspension of norgestamet in an aqueous solution of PEG 400 in a viscous mixture of silicon elastomer by high energy dispersion. Finally they are molded into medical graded tubing with open ends.. This cylinder implant is designed to be inserted into the subcutaneous tissue of the livestock’s ear flap to release norgestamet for up to 20 days for the synchronization of estrus and ovulation and up to 120 days for growth promotion.

Dual release vaginal contraceptives ring: 

Dual release vaginal contraceptives ring It is fabricated by dispersing the drug reservoir, which is a suspension of a progestin and an estrogen in an aqueous solution of PEG 400 to form many microscopic drug reservoir in a silicon elastomer. it is design to permit the release of specified drugs for achieving 21 days contraception.

Osmatic pressure activated system: 

Osmatic pressure activated system ALZET OSMOTIC PUMP In this type of implant drug reservoir which is solution formulation. It contained collapsible impermeable poly ester bag whose external surface is coated with a layer of osmatically active salt( NaCl )then it is completely sealed with rigid housing walled with semi permeable membrane. Osmatic pressure is created between this wall which forces the inner wall to reduce its volume and release the drug. Intrinsic rate of drug release is defined by:

Vapoure pressure activated drug delivery system: 

Vapoure pressure activated drug delivery system INFUSAID: In this type of implant the drug reservoir is present inside the infusion compartment. It is physically separated from the pumping compartment by freely movable partition. The pumping compartment contain fluorocarbon fluid that vaporizes at body temperature and create vapor pressure. Example is infusion pump for constant infusion of heparin in anticoagulation treatment. Insulin in diabetic treatment The rate of drug delivery id defined by:

Magnetism activted drug delivery: 

Magnetism activted drug delivery In this type of implant the drug reservoir is a dispersion of peptide or protein powder in a polymer matrix from which macromolecular drug can b delivered by incorporating an electromagnetically triggered vibration mechanism into the polymeric device combined with hemispherical design. Magnetic delivery device has been used to deliver protein drug such as bovine serum albumin .

Ultrasound activated drug delivery SONOPHORESIS: 

Ultrasound activated drug delivery SONOPHORESIS This implant utilizes ultrasonic energy to activate the delivery of drug from polymer, this system can be fabricated from either a nondegradable polymer such as ethylen vinyl acetate copolymer or bioerodible polymer such as poly[bis(p- carboxyphenoxy)alkane anhydride]. Its modulation is still undergoing evaluation.

Hydrolysis activated drug delivery: 

Hydrolysis activated drug delivery This implant is fabricated by dispersing a loading dose of solid drug, in a micronozed form in a polymer matrix made from bioerodible polymer. which is modified into pellet or bead shaped implant. The drug get releases by hydrolysis of polymer matrix. The rate is not constant, in this type of delivery highly depended upon rate process of polymer matrix erosion. Example: biodegradable naltrexone pellet fabricated from poly(lactic/glycolide)copolymer for the antinarcotic treatment of opiod dependent addict

Conclusion: 

Conclusion Implants are medical device manufactured to replace a missing biological structure or to support/enhanced biological structure. And also used as therapeutic drug delivery device for control drug delivery system for long lasting effect. As implants that contact the body they should be made of a biomedical material such as titanium, silicone or apatite depending on what is the most functional.

Refrences: 

Refrences Controlled Drug Delivery Fundamental and Application by Joseph R.Robinson Vincet H.L,Lee. Novel Drug Delivery System by Yie W. Chien www.wikipedia.com www.googl.co.in www.pharmainfo.net

Slide 38: 

I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think. Socrates Greek philosopher of Athens