data collection methods

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Data Collection Methods

Chap 8 Data Collection Methods:

Chap 8 Data Collection Methods

Sources of data::

Sources of data: Primary sources. Secondary sources.

Primary sources.:

Primary sources. 1) Focus group. 8 to 10 membres with moderator. Aim of focus group. Role of moderator. Nature of data obtained from focus group. Videoconfrencing: 2) Panels. Static and dynamic panels. 3) Unabtrusive mesures

Secondary sources:

Secondary sources Books Media Census data Annual reports Case studies Other records

Data collection methods:

Data collection methods Interviewing. Administring questioner. Observing people and phenomena.

Principles of measurement:

Principles of measurement Refer to the scales and scaling techniques Assessment of reliability and validity Ensures that data collected are appropriate to test the hypothesis

Appearance of questionnaires:

Appearance of questionnaires A good introduction Identity of researcher Purpose of research assurance of confidentiality of information End on courteous note

Organizing questions, giving instructions and good alignment:

Organizing questions, giving instructions and good alignment Organize questions logically Providing instruction on how to complete each section Neatly aligned questions Which result in less time and effort consumed

Sensitive personal data:

Sensitive personal data Should be asked at the end of questionnaire Should be justified through explanation

Open-ended questions at the end:

Open-ended questions at the end Allowing respondents to comments Sincere thanks to respondents

Concluding the questionnaire:

Concluding the questionnaire End on courteous note Reminding respondent to check that all questions are completed

End on courteous note Reminding respondent to check that all questions are completed :

End on courteous note Reminding respondent to check that all questions are completed Involves small number of respondents To ensure that questions are understood by respondents And no problems with the wording or measurement

Electronic questionnaire design :

Electronic questionnaire design CAPPA SPSS

Observational surveys:

Observational surveys Without asking questions of respondents Movements, work habits, statements made, body language

types:

types Non-participant Without becoming integral part of organizational system Participant Researcher becomes the part of work team

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Structured Formats for recording the observations are specifically designed and tailored Minimal personal inference Unstructured No definite ideas of particular aspects that need focus Record practically everything

Observational Studies:

Observational Studies Advantages Free from biasness Easy to note environmental influence Easy to observe certain individual Disadvantages Physical presence of observer is necessary Prolonged and expensive Fatigue may bias the results Cognitive thought cant be captured Training of observer is necessary

Mechanical observation:

Mechanical observation Mechanical observation involves using various types of machines to collect the data, which is then interpreted by researchers.

Projective Methods:

Projective Methods World Association Technique A method of assessing somebody's mental state or personality by asking the person to respond with the first word that comes to mind when a given word is heard. examples Work

Projective Methods:

Projective Methods Thematic Apperception Test: A projective test in which drawings are shown and the object is asked to make up a story about them.

Thematic Apperception Test: :

Thematic Apperception Test: What comes in your mind?

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Inkblot Tests A psychological test in which a subject's interpretation of inkblots is analyzed

Title:

Title A Bat? A Butterfly? A Bird? A Tree? A Plane? Two Faces? A Skull? A Butterfly? A dress?

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Face to face interview: to understand complex issues Telephone interviews used to obtained immediate response from geographical individual but non verbal responses can not be obtained Personally administering questionnaire Established rapport with respondents Provide clarification sought by the respondent Collect questionnaire immediately after completion Mail questionnaire easy to collect data from geographical disperse individual Low response rate Observational studies complex issues thrugh direct observation

Ethics in data collection :

Ethics in data collection From Researcher Side Guarding the privacy of respondents no misrepresentation of nature of study to objects No violation of self esteem of respondent No compulsion for objects to respond. Personal responsibility of researchers for safety of object No representation in reporting data From Respondent Side cooperate Be truthful and honest