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Premium member Presentation Transcript Post Hoc & Ad Hoc : Post Hoc & Ad Hoc headlessprofessor Post Hoc & Ad Hoc : Post Hoc & Ad Hoc Explanations as to why: causal speculation Post Hoc & Ad Hoc : Post Hoc & Ad Hoc Explanations as to why: causal speculation Both are flawed science How to infer cause & effect : How to infer cause & effect Independent Dependent X Y cause effect Relationship between variables : Relationship between variables X caused Y Relationship between variables : Relationship between variables X caused Y Y caused X Relationship between variables : Relationship between variables X caused Y Y caused X Both are effects Relationship between variables : Relationship between variables X caused Y Y caused X Both are effects (spurious) Post hoc fallacy : Post hoc fallacy Spurious correlation = collateral effects due to same underlying cause Spurious Relationship : Spurious Relationship X Y Z Relationship between variables : Relationship between variables X caused Y Y caused X Both are effects Null hypothesis How do we prove that : How do we prove that X caused Y ? How to infer cause & effect : How to infer cause & effect Reject the null to establish significance How to infer cause & effect : How to infer cause & effect Reject the null to establish significance p < .05 How to infer cause & effect : How to infer cause & effect Reject the null to establish significance p < .05 inferential statistics How to infer cause & effect : How to infer cause & effect Reject the null to establish significance Identify the direction of the correlation How to infer cause & effect : How to infer cause & effect Reject the null to establish significance Identify the direction of the correlation If X helps Y, the correlation should be positive How to infer cause & effect : How to infer cause & effect Reject the null to establish significance Identify the direction of the correlation If X hurts Y, the correlation should be negative How to infer cause & effect : How to infer cause & effect Reject the null to establish significance Identify the direction of the correlation Identify if one variable is the IV Experiments are the best way to : Experiments are the best way to confirm a causal relationship Fallacies of scientific induction : Fallacies of scientific induction Post hoc ergo propter hoc Fallacies of scientific induction : Fallacies of scientific induction Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy of causal reasoning Fallacies of scientific induction : Fallacies of scientific induction Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy of causal reasoning assumes that an event which occurred before the effect must be its cause Post Hoc jumps to this : Post Hoc jumps to this X caused Y Post Hoc ignores Spurious : Post Hoc ignores Spurious X Y Z Example of Post Hoc : Example of Post Hoc Of all the different religions in the U.S., Hindus have the highest median income Example of Post Hoc : Example of Post Hoc Of all the different religions in the U.S., Hindus have the highest median income Causal inference: being a Hindu helps you get rich Alternative Explanation : Alternative Explanation Many Hindu immigrants to the U.S. are investors, entrepreneurs or professionals Alternative Explanation : Alternative Explanation They are not wealth because they are Hindus Alternative Explanation : Alternative Explanation They are Hindus because they come from India Alternative Explanation : Alternative Explanation They are Hindus because they come from India They are wealthy because of selective migration from India Spurious correlation : Spurious correlation X Y Z Alternative Explanation : Alternative Explanation Hindu Wealthy X Y Z Educated Immigrant Post hoc fallacy : Post hoc fallacy correlation: association between two variables Post hoc fallacy : Post hoc fallacy correlation: association between two variables permits prediction, but not always causal inferences Post hoc fallacy : Post hoc fallacy correlation: association between two variables permits prediction, but not always causal inferences Experiments get around post hoc Ad hoc hypothesis : Ad hoc hypothesis An explanation flexible enough for all occurrences Ad hoc hypothesis : Ad hoc hypothesis An explanation flexible enough for all occurrences Cannot be rejected by any empirical data Karl Popper : Karl Popper “A hypothesis is only scientific if it could be rejected by empirical evidence” Religious Claim : Religious Claim God is all powerful, all wise and always wants what is best for us. Religious Claim : Religious Claim God is all powerful, all wise and always wants what is best for us. If I am healthy and prosperous, thank God. Religious Claim : Religious Claim God is all powerful, all wise and always wants what is best for us. But, if I am suffering … Religious Claim : Religious Claim God is all powerful, all wise and always wants what is best for us. suffering… Ad hoc explanation: we cannot understand God’s wisdom. Purposes of Science : Purposes of Science Understand (causal analysis) Predict (testable hypotheses) Control (technology) Psychoanalysis : Psychoanalysis Freud’s theory that unconscious sexual & aggressive drives determine human behavior Psychoanalysis : Psychoanalysis If someone acts out Freud’s theory explains that. Psychoanalysis : Psychoanalysis If someone does not act out Freud’s theory explains that. Psychoanalysis : Psychoanalysis explains anything. Psychoanalysis : Psychoanalysis explains anything. predicts nothing. Psychoanalysis : Psychoanalysis Popper: “psychoanalytic explanations are ad hoc” Both post hoc and ad hoc : Both post hoc and ad hoc Frustrate causal analysis in science. Both post hoc and ad hoc : Both post hoc and ad hoc Frustrate causal analysis in science. Refuse to consider an alternative explanation Solution : Solution Standards of scientific methodology Solution : Solution Standards of scientific methodology Peer review Post Hoc & Ad Hoc : Post Hoc & Ad Hoc headlessprofessor You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Post Hoc & Ad Hoc headlessprofessor Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 821 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: November 21, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description Scientific thought and the problems of post hoc and ad hoc explanations. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Post Hoc & Ad Hoc : Post Hoc & Ad Hoc headlessprofessor Post Hoc & Ad Hoc : Post Hoc & Ad Hoc Explanations as to why: causal speculation Post Hoc & Ad Hoc : Post Hoc & Ad Hoc Explanations as to why: causal speculation Both are flawed science How to infer cause & effect : How to infer cause & effect Independent Dependent X Y cause effect Relationship between variables : Relationship between variables X caused Y Relationship between variables : Relationship between variables X caused Y Y caused X Relationship between variables : Relationship between variables X caused Y Y caused X Both are effects Relationship between variables : Relationship between variables X caused Y Y caused X Both are effects (spurious) Post hoc fallacy : Post hoc fallacy Spurious correlation = collateral effects due to same underlying cause Spurious Relationship : Spurious Relationship X Y Z Relationship between variables : Relationship between variables X caused Y Y caused X Both are effects Null hypothesis How do we prove that : How do we prove that X caused Y ? How to infer cause & effect : How to infer cause & effect Reject the null to establish significance How to infer cause & effect : How to infer cause & effect Reject the null to establish significance p < .05 How to infer cause & effect : How to infer cause & effect Reject the null to establish significance p < .05 inferential statistics How to infer cause & effect : How to infer cause & effect Reject the null to establish significance Identify the direction of the correlation How to infer cause & effect : How to infer cause & effect Reject the null to establish significance Identify the direction of the correlation If X helps Y, the correlation should be positive How to infer cause & effect : How to infer cause & effect Reject the null to establish significance Identify the direction of the correlation If X hurts Y, the correlation should be negative How to infer cause & effect : How to infer cause & effect Reject the null to establish significance Identify the direction of the correlation Identify if one variable is the IV Experiments are the best way to : Experiments are the best way to confirm a causal relationship Fallacies of scientific induction : Fallacies of scientific induction Post hoc ergo propter hoc Fallacies of scientific induction : Fallacies of scientific induction Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy of causal reasoning Fallacies of scientific induction : Fallacies of scientific induction Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy of causal reasoning assumes that an event which occurred before the effect must be its cause Post Hoc jumps to this : Post Hoc jumps to this X caused Y Post Hoc ignores Spurious : Post Hoc ignores Spurious X Y Z Example of Post Hoc : Example of Post Hoc Of all the different religions in the U.S., Hindus have the highest median income Example of Post Hoc : Example of Post Hoc Of all the different religions in the U.S., Hindus have the highest median income Causal inference: being a Hindu helps you get rich Alternative Explanation : Alternative Explanation Many Hindu immigrants to the U.S. are investors, entrepreneurs or professionals Alternative Explanation : Alternative Explanation They are not wealth because they are Hindus Alternative Explanation : Alternative Explanation They are Hindus because they come from India Alternative Explanation : Alternative Explanation They are Hindus because they come from India They are wealthy because of selective migration from India Spurious correlation : Spurious correlation X Y Z Alternative Explanation : Alternative Explanation Hindu Wealthy X Y Z Educated Immigrant Post hoc fallacy : Post hoc fallacy correlation: association between two variables Post hoc fallacy : Post hoc fallacy correlation: association between two variables permits prediction, but not always causal inferences Post hoc fallacy : Post hoc fallacy correlation: association between two variables permits prediction, but not always causal inferences Experiments get around post hoc Ad hoc hypothesis : Ad hoc hypothesis An explanation flexible enough for all occurrences Ad hoc hypothesis : Ad hoc hypothesis An explanation flexible enough for all occurrences Cannot be rejected by any empirical data Karl Popper : Karl Popper “A hypothesis is only scientific if it could be rejected by empirical evidence” Religious Claim : Religious Claim God is all powerful, all wise and always wants what is best for us. Religious Claim : Religious Claim God is all powerful, all wise and always wants what is best for us. If I am healthy and prosperous, thank God. Religious Claim : Religious Claim God is all powerful, all wise and always wants what is best for us. But, if I am suffering … Religious Claim : Religious Claim God is all powerful, all wise and always wants what is best for us. suffering… Ad hoc explanation: we cannot understand God’s wisdom. Purposes of Science : Purposes of Science Understand (causal analysis) Predict (testable hypotheses) Control (technology) Psychoanalysis : Psychoanalysis Freud’s theory that unconscious sexual & aggressive drives determine human behavior Psychoanalysis : Psychoanalysis If someone acts out Freud’s theory explains that. Psychoanalysis : Psychoanalysis If someone does not act out Freud’s theory explains that. Psychoanalysis : Psychoanalysis explains anything. Psychoanalysis : Psychoanalysis explains anything. predicts nothing. Psychoanalysis : Psychoanalysis Popper: “psychoanalytic explanations are ad hoc” Both post hoc and ad hoc : Both post hoc and ad hoc Frustrate causal analysis in science. Both post hoc and ad hoc : Both post hoc and ad hoc Frustrate causal analysis in science. Refuse to consider an alternative explanation Solution : Solution Standards of scientific methodology Solution : Solution Standards of scientific methodology Peer review Post Hoc & Ad Hoc : Post Hoc & Ad Hoc headlessprofessor