Slide 1:Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Early Struggles in Latin America Independence in Mexico Map: Independence in Latin America Revolutionary Leaders in South America Faces of History: Two Revolutionary Leaders Quick Facts: Causes and Effects of Revolution in Latin America Independence in Latin America


Slide 2:Reading Focus How did early struggles in Latin America affect Haiti and other colonies? What events led to independence in Mexico? Who were the key revolutionary leaders in South America, and what did they achieve? Main Idea Revolutionary ideas took hold in Latin America as colonies fought for independence from Europe. Independence in Latin America


Slide 3:The Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions inspired some in Latin America to seek greater freedom. Early Struggles in Latin America


Slide 4:Napoleon Concerned French emperor Napoleon worried about revolt in Hispaniola Sent French general to take control of colony away from Toussaint Island forces struggled for months 1802, Toussaint agreed to armistice French broke agreement, sent him to prison; Toussaint died there, 1803 Fight for independence continued 1804, revolutionaries declared independence Named new nation Haiti


Slide 5:Another Kind of Independence 1800s, Spain controlled most of Latin America; Portugal governed Brazil In the 1700s Spanish kings had made improvements in colonies, building roads, regulating trade; colonies grew in wealth and prosperity Tensions Growing Tensions grew in Latin America between creoles, people of European descent born in colonies, and peninsulares, colonists born in Spain Similar distinction between Brazilian-born, Portuguese-born colonists Education and New Ideas Wealth gave some in Latin America access to education, new ideas Educated colonists read works of Enlightenment philosophers, learned about revolutions in France, America Colonies of Spain and Portugal


Slide 6:Growing Tensions


Slide 7:Sequence How did Haiti win independence from France? Answer(s): A rebellion of slaves and mulattoes became a revolution against France after Napoleon tried to take power from the revolutionary leader Toussaint L'Ouverture.


Slide 8:Hidalgo would later become known as the Father of Mexican Independence. Napoleon’s conquest of Spain was the spark for independence in the colony of New Spain, as Mexico was known at the time. Mexico was a Spanish colony with a mixture of creoles, peninsulares, Indians, and people of mixed race. Independence in Mexico


Slide 9:Independent Republic Morelos wanted Mexico to be an independent republic with guaranteed freedoms Strong military leader, took control of parts of Mexico for independence movement Captured, found guilty of treason, executed by Spanish authorities Morelos Continues the Revolution After death of Hidalgo, another creole priest, Jose Maria Morelos, became leader of revolutionary movement Organized Mexican congress, representatives from many places Wanted all people born in Mexico, whether Indian, mixed or creole, to be called Americans


Slide 10:Iturbide to Lead Fight Not all creoles wanted independence from Spain; some were royalists 1820, Agustin de Iturbide asked to lead final battle against revolutionaries Spanish authorities believed he could end Mexican independence movement Iturbide’s Proposal Mexico would gain independence but be ruled by monarch Creoles and peninsulares would have equal rights Roman Catholic Church would be official church of Mexico Switching Sides Iturbide believed liberal revolution underway in Spain might take away some of his power; decided to switch sides, fight for Mexican revolutionaries Made three-part proposal to leader of revolution A Creole King for Mexico


Slide 11:Independence Unified under plan, royalists and rebel troops joined Iturbide to win independence In 1821, Mexico declared independence from Spain That same year Mexico named Iturbide as its emperor and he became Emperor Agustin I of Mexico Different Proposal Iturbide’s independence proposal different from ideas of Hidalgo, Morelos After ten years of fighting, the compromise brought together many different groups; creoles and peninsulares, revolutionaries and royalists


Slide 15:Compare and Contrast How were the goals of Hidalgo, Morelos, and Iturbide different, and how were they similar? Answer(s): Hidalgo wanted the peasants to revolt against the peninsulares, not against Spain; Morelos wanted independence from Spain and an "American" identity to unify all people born in Mexico; Iturbide wanted to create an independent monarchy, give creoles and peninsulares equal rights, make the Roman Catholic Church the official church of Mexico


Slide 16:Inspiration Revolutions in Haiti, Mexico, America, France inspired leaders in South America Independence movements began to form, leaders emerged Venezuelan Roots Bolivar born into wealthy creole family, often traveled to Europe Admired Napoleon’s leadership; in Rome, pledged to liberate South America Simon Bolivar Simon Bolivar, most influential leader in South American independence movement Known as “the Liberator” Independence 1811, Venezuela declared independence from Spain Bolivar led military campaigns against Spanish for 10 years, defeated Spanish 1821 Revolutionary Leaders in South America


Slide 17:Bolivar’s Dream Bolivar had dream for newly independent South America Wanted to form one large, united country called Federation of the Andes Dream never became reality Bolivar set up state of Gran Colombia, included what are now Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador Other leaders set up separate countries in Peru, Bolivia, other places Bolivar complained “America is ungovernable”


Slide 19:José de San Martin fought for independence from Spain in south San Martin had fought against Napoleon in Spain Born in Argentina, returned home when he learned country rising up against Spanish rule; eventually led independence movement in Argentina and most of southern South America José de San Martin


Slide 20:The story of independence was a bit different in the Portuguese colony of Brazil. Pedro I


Slide 22:Contrast In what ways was the independence movement in Brazil different from independence movements elsewhere in South America? Answer(s): Brazil won independence more smoothly and without violence.