Documenting

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Academic Writing Documentation of Sources Prepared by: Dr. Hala Salih Department of English, AUR University of Khartoum

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Why document your resources ? To avoid Plagiarism

What is plagiarism?????????????: 

What is plagiarism????????????? Plagiarism is defined as the unacknowledged inclusion of someone else’ words, structure, ideas, data in his/her essay, report or thesis. In most universities plagiarism is considered academic misconduct and has a serious consequence.

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Sources Not Cited "The Ghost Writer" The writer turns in another's work, word-for-word, as his or her own. "The Photocopy" The writer copies significant portions of text straight from a single source, without alteration. "The Potluck Paper" The writer tries to disguise plagiarism by copying from several different sources, tweaking the sentences to make them fit together while retaining most of the original phrasing. "The Poor Disguise" Although the writer has retained the essential content of the source, he or she has altered the paper's appearance slightly by changing key words and phrases. "The Labor of Laziness" The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources and make it all fit together, instead of spending the same effort on original work. "The Self-Stealer" The writer "borrows" generously from his or her previous work, violating policies concerning the expectation of originality adopted by most academic institutions. . Taken from http://www.plagiarism.org/plag_article_types_of_plagiarism.html

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Sources Cited(But Still Plagiarized( "The Forgotten Footnote" The writer mentions an author's name for a source, but neglects to include specific information on the location of the material referenced. "The Misinformer" The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find them. "The Too-Perfect Paraphrase" The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation marks text that has been copied word-for-word, or close to it. Although attributing the basic ideas to the source, the writer is falsely claiming original presentation and interpretation of the information. "The Resourceful Citer" The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost no original work! It is sometimes difficult to spot this form of plagiarism because it looks like any other well-researched document. "The Perfect Crime In this case, the writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on to paraphrase other arguments from those sources without citation. This way, the writer tries to pass off the paraphrased material as his or her own analysis of the cited material. . Taken from http://www.plagiarism.org/plag_article_types_of_plagiarism.html

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WHAT ARE THE SOURCES USED WHEN WRITING A PAPER, ESSAY OR A THESIS?

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Primary Sources Secondary Sources • Diaries • Interviews (legal proceedings, personal, telephone, e-mail) • Letters • Original Documents (i.e. birth certificate or a trial transcript) • Photographs • Proceedings of Meetings, Conferences and Symposia. • Survey Research (such as market surveys and public opinion polls) • Works of Literature • Biographies • Commentaries • Dissertations • Indexes, Abstracts, Bibliographies (used to locate primary & secondary sources) • Journal Articles • Monographs

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How can we avoid this situation ?

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There is no correct way to document sources . What is important that one has to be consistent. “ A scientist looked at 52 scientific journals and found 33 different styles for listing references . There is not a ‘right’ way and wrong but consistency is a must.” (Guide to Scientific Writing p.15)

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When do you document? Direct quotation 2. Paraphrase 3. Summary

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Where do you document? 1.In text citation. 2. At the end of a thesis.

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Some Documenting Styles: 1. American Sociological Association. (ASA) 2. Modern Language Association. (MLA) 3. American Psychological Association. (APA) Vancouver Documenting Style. The Chicago Style.

In Text Citation: 

In Text Citation Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p.11). A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” ( Caruth , 1996, p.11).

In Text Citation: 

In Text Citation Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to  purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

At the end (chapter, thesis) : 

At the end (chapter, thesis) John, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 11 , 7-10 . Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17 , 408-416. Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior . Child Development, 52 , 636-643.

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At the end (chapter, thesis) Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor . New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals K.V. Kukil, (Ed.). New York, NY: Anchor. Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities . (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1814).

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What is the information used in documenting? Books Author(s) Title of book Page number Publisher information (Name, place, date) Articles in books Author (s) Title of article Title of book Name of Editor(s) Publisher information Page number Journals Name of journal Number and date of journal Name of article Name of author Page number

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Punctuation Marks “ Quotation Marks ” : Colon , Comma . Full stop ( Brackets )

Documenting Styles : 

Documenting Styles APA Direct quotes less than 40 words must be enclosed in quotation marks. Direct quotes which are 4 lines or more must be indented five to seven spaces (1/2 inch) with quotation marks omitted MLA Direct quotes less than 4 lines must be enclosed in quotation marks. Direct quotes which are 4 lines or more must be indented ten spaces (one inch) with quotation marks omitted

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Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958; reprint, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 123

Chicago Manual Style: 

Chicago Manual Style Notes-Bibliography System (NB), which is used by those in literature, history, and the arts. The Author-Date System, is nearly identical in content but slightly different in form and is preferred in the social/sciences.

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Abbreviation Short for What it means When to use it a.m. ante meridiem before noon a time between midnight and midday anon anonymous author is unknown c., ca. circa date is approximate ch ., chs . chapter, chapters conf. conference e.g., eg example ed., eds. editor, editors et al. et alii and others fig. figure when referring to a graph or image ibid. ibidem in the same work, cited just above citing the same source as the one immediately above

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Abbreviation Short for What it means When to use it loc. cit. loco citato in the place (or work) cited n.d . no date date is unknown op. cit. opere citato in the work cited citation comes from a previously cited source p.m. post meridiem after noon a time between midday and midnight p., pp. page, pages when giving page numbers proc. proceedings rev. revised suppl. supplement trans. translated when acknowledging the translator v ., vol., vols . volume, volumes

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http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/index.html http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html