Hafiz Umair MUstafa

Presentation : 

Presentation (Introduction to Bio-techniques in Animal Production) Submitted to: Dr.Jalees Ahmad Bhatti Submitted by: Hafiz Umair Mustafa 2008-va-425 BS.(Hons) Dairy Technology University of Veterinary And Animal Sciences Ravi Campus pattoki

Biotechnology : 

Biotechnology Definition. Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring byproducts.

Introduction: 

Introduction Based on the progress in scientific knowledge of endocrinology, reproductive physiology, cell biology and embryology during the last fifty years new biotechniques have been developed for and introduced into animal breeding and husbandry. Among them are oestrussynchronisation/induction, artificial insemination, multiple ovulation induction and embryo transfer (MOET), in vitro embryo production (IVP) and cloning by nuclear transfer (NT).

Aim of the Biotechniques in Animals: 

Aim of the Biotechniques in Animals The aims of these reproductive technologies were initially to speed up the genetic improvements of farm animals by the increase of offspring of selected males and females and the reduction of the generation intervals. The technique of cloning by nuclear transfer is mainly applied for experimental purposes, with the prospect of a more practical implementation in the near future, with the aims of the enhancement of the uniformity of herds for an easier management or for the multiplication of transgenic animals after gene-targeting.

Methods: 

Methods (1) Oestrussynchronisation /induction (2) Artificial insemination, (3) Multiple ovulation induction (4) Embryo transfer (MOET), in vitro embryo production (5) Cloning by nuclear transfer ( NT

Embryo transfer (MOET): 

Embryo transfer (MOET) The main use of embryo transfer in cattle has been to amplify reproductive rates of valuable females. Because of low reproductive rates and long generation intervals, embryo transfer is especially useful in this species. Cattle may be valuable for many reasons, including scarcity, proven genetic value, or having unique characteristics such as disease resistance. Ideally, embryo transfer is used to satisfy both genetic and financial objectives simultaneously, i.e. milk or meat production increase or greater efficiency, and the investment returns financial benefits as well

Sustainable production : 

Sustainable production Incompatible with sustainable production is in our opinion each situation in which the animal cannot reproduce anymore without help of one of the modern techniques. Since the new techniques are aimed to accelerate the selection for some traits, the results of a particular breeding programme can be incompatible with sustainable production . For example, the selection of turkeys for meet production has lead to large and overweighted cocks in such a way that fertilisation of the hens can only be done by A.I .

Artificial insemination : 

Artificial insemination Artificial insemination (AI) is the process of collecting sperm cells from a male animal and manually depositing them into the reproductive tract of a female. One can cite a number of potential benefits from the use of artificial insemination.

Benefits of Artificial insemination : 

Benefits of Artificial insemination (1) Increased efficiency of bull usage. (2) Increased potential for genetic selection. (3) Decreased costs. (4) Increase safety for animals. Reduce disease transmission.

Oestrussynchronisation: 

Oestrussynchronisation Oestrussynchronisation has been developed in the early sixties of the last century. It started with methods based on the artificial replacement of a corpus luteum by progestagens . Withdrawal of the progestagen device, either a sponge (sheep), a PRID or ear implant (cattle) at one moment for the whole herd resulted in the synchronous oestrus . The techniques were aimed to help a large scaled introduction of A.I. in the sheep industry and in the extensive beef industry. The fertility of the herd in the synchronized oestrus was compromised and lowered by 10 to 15%.

Purpose of estrus synchronization : 

Purpose of estrus synchronization Group females for parturition: Decrease labor, decrease calving period reduce calving season More uniform weaning weights. Reduce or eliminate estrus detection. Needed for artificial insemination Cattle

Embryo transfer (MOET): 

Embryo transfer (MOET) The main use of embryo transfer in cattle has been to amplify reproductive rates of valuable females. Because of low reproductive rates and long generation intervals, embryo transfer is especially useful in this species. Cattle may be valuable for many reasons, including scarcity, proven genetic value, or having unique characteristics such as disease resistance. Ideally, embryo transfer is used to satisfy both genetic and financial objectives simultaneously, i.e. milk or meat production increase or greater efficiency, and the investment returns financial benefits as w ell.

Embryo production in vitro: 

Embryo production in vitro When immature bovine oocytes are released from their follicles and are cultured in standard maturation medium, they resume the first meiotic division. The alteration of basic maturation conditions can affect oocyte competence significantly, as reflected by the morula and blastocyst yield after in vitro fertilization. The conditions used from the beginning of maturation up to the blastocyst stage have been shown to influence not only the developmental competence but also, potentially, the normal epigenetic make-up of the embryo.

Welfare protocol : 

Welfare protocol We conclude that there are convincing arguments to support the idea that treatments, applied in farm animal biotechnology, in their effects on animal welfare are by no means biologically neutral. On the contrary, several treatments appear to directly threaten the animal's pre- and postnatal survival. Therefore, we believe that within the context of farm animal biotechnologies, animal welfare should receive special attention

Steps Embryo production in vitro: 

Steps Embryo production in vitro Oocyte maturation, In vitro fertilization. In vitro development. The first section explains procedures of ovary collection and oocyte aspiration and selection for in vitro maturation. The second section involves methods for the preparation of semen and oocytes for fertilization. The last section explains the best conditions to obtain blastocysts after 8 d of in vitro culture.