Personality

Slide 1: 

Name Title Company Name

What is Personality????? : 

What is Personality?????

Slide 3: 

Personality The Pattern of enduring characteristics that differentiate a person’s behavior that make each individual a unique.

Slide 4: 

Modules 42 :- Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality. 43 :- Other Major Approaches to Personality; In search of human uniqueness. 44 :- Assessing Personality; Determining what makes us special?

Slide 5: 

Module # 42 Psychodynamics Approaches to personality Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory:- His theory was that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality

Slide 6: 

Structuring Personality

Slide 7: 

Structuring Personality

Slide 8: 

Defense Mechanism

Slide 9: 

Defense Mechanism

Slide 10: 

Defense Mechanism

Slide 12: 

Freud’s theory had a significant impact on the field of Psychology Unconscious Defense Mechanism Childhood roots of adult Psychological difficulties

Slide 13: 

Furthermore…. Freud’s emphasis on the Unconscious was Partially supported by neuroscientists… Freud generated an important method of  PSYCHOANALYSIS

Slide 14: 

Criticisms raised against the Freud’s theory: Lack of supportive scientific data Conclusive Evidences Stages of Personality regarding personality development Viewing WOMEN inferior than MALE Freud’s theory was from limited population

Slide 15: 

The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts Psychoanalysts who were trained in tradition Freudian theory but later rejected some of its major points. They put greater emphasis on EGO suggesting that it has more control on our day to day activities than ID has. Also paid greater attention on Social factors that effects the personality development

Slide 16: 

Jung’s Collective Unconscious He stated that a common set of ideas, feeling images, and symbols that we inherit from our ancestors, the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the distant past. Shared by everyone Displayed by behavior that is common across diverse cultures

Slide 17: 

Collective Unconscious contains ‘Archetypes’ The Symbolic representation of a particular person, Object OR Experience! Archetype play an important part in determining our Day-to-Day Reactions, Attitudes, and Values! He also suggested that,   MEN possess an unconscious feminine archetype and WOMEN have a male archetype that effect how they behave!

Slide 18: 

Adler’s Inferiority Complex According to Adler, a situation in which adults have not been able to overcome the feeling of inferiority that they developed as children, when they were small and limited in their knowledge about world. Alfred Adler- Proposed that primary human motivation is to strive for  SUPERIORITY

Slide 19: 

Other Neo-Freudian Psychoanalyst Erik Erikson Anna Freud (Freud’s Daughter) Karen Horney Focused More on Social and cultural factors behind personality Development and less on sexual and aggression drives

Slide 20: 

Horney   First psychologist to champion Women’s issues She suggested that personality develops in terms of Social relationships!   She Rejected the Freud’s concept of women inspiration over mans Anatomy!

Slide 21: 

Module#43MAJOR APPROACHES OF PERSONALITY

Slide 22: 

Overview Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality. Applying Psychology in 21st Century. Learning Approaches: We are What We’ve learned. Biological and Evolutionary Approaches: Are We born with Personality? Humanistic Approaches: The Uniqueness of you. Comparing Approaches to Personality.

Slide 23: 

Trait Approaches What are traits? Trait Theory Example:

Slide 24: 

All Port’s Trait Theory

Slide 25: 

Eysenck’s Three Dimensions of Personality

Slide 26: 

The Big Five: Factoring Our Personality OCEAN

Slide 27: 

The “Big Five” Traits

Slide 28: 

Learning Approaches Learning; Personality is simply sum of learned responses to the external environment. B.F Skinner = Discover The Operant Conditioning. Personality is a collection of learned behavior patterns. Human are infinitely changeable through the process of learning.

Slide 29: 

Cognitive Approaches to Personality Personality Psychologist “Albert Bandura” Observational Learning According to social cognitive approaches, Personality develop through repeated observation of the behavior of the other.

Slide 30: 

Self Efficacy How do we develop self Efficacy? Paying close attention to our prior success or failure. Direct Reinforcement & Encouragement………………….. What is Self Esteem?

Biological and Evolutionary Approaches : 

Biological and Evolutionary Approaches Theory that suggest that important component of personality are inherited. Example: We can compare it with building foundation.

Questions Raises : 

Questions Raises Are we born with personality? Do we inherit out personality?

Auke Tellegen’s and his colleagues: 11 key personality Keys : 

Auke Tellegen’s and his colleagues: 11 key personality Keys Importance of gene role in personality is explained by the study of psychologist Auke and His colleagues. :Results: Strong Genetic Component:- Leadership Qualities Weak Genetic Component:- Pakistani Politicians

Eleven Personality Characteristics : 

Eleven Personality Characteristics

Roots Of Adult Personality : 

Roots Of Adult Personality Temperament: A basic innate disposition emerges in early life. Encompasses several dimensions such as mood, General activity level. Quite consistent and significantly stable from infancy to add sense.

Slide 36: 

Specific Gene related to personality. Gene and environmental factor related.

Humanistic Approaches: The Uniqueness of you : 

Humanistic Approaches: The Uniqueness of you An approach that suggest and emphasizes on peoples basic goodness and tendency to grow to higher level of functioning.

Major Proponent of Humanistic Appoach : 

Major Proponent of Humanistic Appoach

What is Self Actualization? : 

What is Self Actualization? A state of self fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in his or her own unique way.

Carl Rogers Theory : 

Carl Rogers Theory According to Rogers, one outgrowth of placing importance on the opinions of others is that a conflict may grow between people’s actual experiences and their self concepts.

Roger Suggestions for decreasing discrepancy between experience and Self Concept : 

Roger Suggestions for decreasing discrepancy between experience and Self Concept

Evaluation of Humanistic Approach : 

Evaluation of Humanistic Approach Criticism made on unconditional positive response

Module # 44 : 

Module # 44 Assessing Personality: What makes us Special.

Psychological Test : 

Psychological Test Standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively; used by psychologists to help people make decisions about their lives and understand more about themselves.

Psychological Test : 

Psychological Test Benefits obtained by Psychological Test. Conclusions of Psychological test. Reliability Validity What is Norm? Should Racial and Ethnicity be used to establish norms?

Self Report Measures Of Personality : 

Self Report Measures Of Personality A method of gathering data about people by asking them series of their behavior. One the best example of a self report measures, and most frequently used Personality test is MMPI-2

Life Orientation Test Scores : 

Life Orientation Test Scores

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Investory-2(MMPI-2) : 

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Investory-2(MMPI-2) A widely used self report test that identifies people with psychological difficulties and is employed to predict some everyday behavior. Most clinically-used personality test 500 total questions Originally designed to assess abnormal behavior

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Investory-2(MMPI-2) : 

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Investory-2(MMPI-2)

Projective Tests : 

A test in which a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it. Projective Tests

Examples of Projective Tests: Rorschach Inkblot Test : 

Examples of Projective Tests: Rorschach Inkblot Test This inkblot resembles the ambiguous figures presented in the Rorschach test

Examples of Projective Tests: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) : 

Examples of Projective Tests: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) This picture resembles an ambiguous stimuli presented in the TAT

Advantage/Disadvantage of Projective Tests : 

Advantage/Disadvantage of Projective Tests Structured Experience Stimulus is unstructured Indirect method of assessment – assumed projection. More Freedom of Response More Subjectivity in Scoring and Interpretation Less Extensive Reliability and Validity Data

Advantage/Disadvantage of Projective Tests : 

Advantage/Disadvantage of Projective Tests Malingering/Faking - difficult to know how to respond in an abnormal/normal way Costly in terms of Clinical Time Less reimbursable by HMO High degree of Inference needed by clinician for Interpretation - reduces reliability/validity Mixed reliability/validity data and less defensible in course Examples: Rorschach, TAT, H-T-P & Kinetic Family Drawings, Incomplete Sentences

Behavioral Assessment : 

Behavioral Assessment Direct Measures of an individual’s behavior used to describe characteristics indicative of personality.